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Pulqer/History: Difference between revisions
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* Loss of final consonants, e.g. ''mūrum > mūru''. | * Loss of final consonants, e.g. ''mūrum > mūru''. | ||
* Assimilation of ''ns'' > ''s'' with compensatory lengthening, e.g. ''mensa > mēsa > mẹsa'' | * Assimilation of ''ns'' > ''s'' with compensatory lengthening, e.g. ''mensa > mēsa > mẹsa'' | ||
* Assimilation of ''rs > ss'', e.g. ''ursus > ussu'' | |||
* Loss of vowel quantity | * Loss of vowel quantity | ||
* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > | * Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsone'' | ||
* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu'' | * Palatalisation of ''c, g'' before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu'' | ||
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A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly. | A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly. | ||
* High mid vowels ''ẹ, ọ'' merge with high vowels ''i, u'', e.g. ''mesa > misa'', ''dracọ > | * High mid vowels ''ẹ, ọ'' merge with high vowels ''i, u'', e.g. ''mesa > misa'', ''dracọ > trakhu'' | ||
* Low-mid ''ǫ'' becomes: | * Low-mid ''ǫ'' becomes: | ||
** ''u'' | ** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja'' | ||
** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha'' | ** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine'' | ||
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' | * Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' | ||
** ''b > p > ph'' | ** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'') | ||
** ''d > t > th'' | ** ''d > t > th'' | ||
** ''g > k > kh'' | ** ''g > k > kh'' | ||
** ''qu > qh'' | ** ''qu > qh > vh'' /ʍ/ | ||
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/. | * Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/. | ||
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. '' | * Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''. | ||
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > '' | * Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''attu'' | ||
** ''mn > nn'' | ** ''mn > nn'' | ||
** ''ct > tt'' | ** ''ct > tt'' | ||
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The following are later developments within OP. | The following are later developments within OP. | ||
* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''car'tate > kharthaethe'' | * Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''car'tate > kharthaethe'' | ||
** ''a > ae'' /ɛː/ | ** ''a > ae'' /ae > ɛː/ | ||
** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/ | ** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/ | ||
** ''i > ie'' /iː/ | ** ''i > ie'' /iə > iː/ (except before ''r, l'') | ||
** ''ą > au'' /ɑː/ | ** ''ą > au'' /ɑə > ɑː/ | ||
** ''u > ue'' /uː/ | ** ''u > ue'' /uə > uː/ (except before ''r, l'') | ||
* /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. ''o'', e.g. ''auru > auru'' /ɑːru/; short ''ą'' merges with ''a''. | * /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. ''o'', e.g. ''auru > auru'' /ɑːru/; short ''ą'' merges with ''a''. | ||
* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne'' | * All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne'' | ||
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===Middle Pulqer Changes=== | ===Middle Pulqer Changes=== | ||
* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''. | * Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''. | ||
* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre, | |||
* Final vowels are lost, e.g. ''mueru > muer'' | * Final vowels are lost, e.g. ''mueru > muer'' | ||
* ''vh'' merges with ''f'' | |||
* ''f'' becomes ''h'', e.g. ''filtś > hiltś'' | * ''f'' becomes ''h'', e.g. ''filtś > hiltś'' | ||
** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr'' | ** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr'' | ||
** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'') | |||
** ''mf'' (< earlier ''mvh <'' L. ''nqu, ngu'') > ''mp'', e.g. ''limf > limpf > limp'' | |||
** ''sf'' (< earlier ''svh'' < L. ''squ'') > ''sp'', e.g. ''svhaem > spaem'' | |||
* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > khath'' | * Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > khath'' | ||
* ''r'' and ''l'' become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. ''phlutś > phrutś''. | * ''r'' and ''l'' become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. ''phlutś > phrutś''. | ||
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** ''ei > i'' | ** ''ei > i'' | ||
** ''ie > i'' | ** ''ie > i'' | ||
*** but > ''ia'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''miel > mial'' | |||
** ''au > a'' | ** ''au > a'' | ||
** ''ue > u'' | ** ''ue > u'' | ||
*** but > ''ua'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''muer > muar'' | |||
* Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (''th, kh, ph > t, k, p''), e.g. ''khath > kat''. | * Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (''th, kh, ph > t, k, p''), e.g. ''khath > kat''. | ||
* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl'' | * Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl'' | ||