Pulqer/History: Difference between revisions

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* Loss of final consonants, e.g. ''mūrum > mūru''.
* Loss of final consonants, e.g. ''mūrum > mūru''.
* Assimilation of ''ns'' > ''s'' with compensatory lengthening, e.g. ''mensa > mēsa > mẹsa''
* Assimilation of ''ns'' > ''s'' with compensatory lengthening, e.g. ''mensa > mēsa > mẹsa''
* Assimilation of ''rs > ss'', e.g. ''ursus > ussu''
* Loss of vowel quantity
* Loss of vowel quantity
* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsjone''
* Palatalisation of all consonants before /j/, e.g. ''ratione > ratsone''
* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu''
* Palatalisation of ''c, g'' before ''i'', e.g. ''cippus > tsippu''


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A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly.
A number of fundamental changes between Latin and Old Pulqer are believed to have happened almost immediately as a result of Kelt speakers learning Latin imperfectly.


* High mid vowels ''ẹ, ọ'' merge with high vowels ''i, u'', e.g. ''mesa > misa'', ''dracọ > trakku''
* High mid vowels ''ẹ, ọ'' merge with high vowels ''i, u'', e.g. ''mesa > misa'', ''dracọ > trakhu''
* Low-mid ''ǫ'' becomes:
* Low-mid ''ǫ'' becomes:
** ''u'' anywhere that ''i, u'' follow in the next syllable, e.g. ''homine > umine''
** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja''
** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha''
** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine''
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere''
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere''
** ''b > p > ph''
** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'')
** ''d > t > th''
** ''d > t > th''
** ''g > k > kh''
** ''g > k > kh''
** ''qu > qh''
** ''qu > qh > vh'' /ʍ/
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/.
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''vinu > finu'', ''bibere > pifere''
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''.
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''uttu''
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''attu''
** ''mn > nn''
** ''mn > nn''
** ''ct > tt''
** ''ct > tt''
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The following are later developments within OP.  
The following are later developments within OP.  
* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''car'tate > kharthaethe''
* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''car'tate > kharthaethe''
** ''a > ae'' /ɛː/
** ''a > ae'' /ae > ɛː/
** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/
** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/
** ''i > ie'' /iː/
** ''i > ie'' /iə > iː/ (except before ''r, l'')
** ''ą > au'' /ɑː/
** ''ą > au'' /ɑə > ɑː/
** ''u > ue'' /uː/
** ''u > ue'' /uə > uː/ (except before ''r, l'')
* /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. ''o'', e.g. ''auru > auru'' /ɑːru/; short ''ą'' merges with ''a''.  
* /au/ merges with /ɑː/ < L. ''o'', e.g. ''auru > auru'' /ɑːru/; short ''ą'' merges with ''a''.  
* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne''
* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne''
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===Middle Pulqer Changes===
===Middle Pulqer Changes===
* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.
* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''.
* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre, 
* Final vowels are lost, e.g. ''mueru > muer''  
* Final vowels are lost, e.g. ''mueru > muer''  
* ''vh'' merges with ''f''
* ''f'' becomes ''h'', e.g. ''filtś > hiltś''
* ''f'' becomes ''h'', e.g. ''filtś > hiltś''
** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr''
** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr''
** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'')
** ''mf'' (< earlier ''mvh <'' L. ''nqu, ngu'') > ''mp'', e.g. ''limf > limpf > limp''
** ''sf'' (< earlier ''svh'' < L. ''squ'') > ''sp'', e.g. ''svhaem > spaem''
* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > khath''
* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > khath''
* ''r'' and ''l'' become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. ''phlutś > phrutś''.
* ''r'' and ''l'' become unstable, the former usually preferred in pre-vocalic position and the latter in post-vocalic position, e.g. ''phlutś > phrutś''.
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** ''ei > i''
** ''ei > i''
** ''ie > i''
** ''ie > i''
*** but > ''ia'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''miel > mial''
** ''au > a''
** ''au > a''
** ''ue > u''
** ''ue > u''
*** but > ''ua'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''muer > muar''
* Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (''th, kh, ph > t, k, p''), e.g. ''khath > kat''.
* Aspirated stops merge with unaspirated (''th, kh, ph > t, k, p''), e.g. ''khath > kat''.
* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl''
* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl''
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