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Adjective stems are not fully distinguishable from nouns and in many cases a single stem may behave as either, e.g. ''ETS'' "salt; salty". Adjectives may be either simple (e.g. ''SUUP'' "large") or derived from another part of speech (e.g. ''PUTIŚ-'' "manly, man-like"). In either case they may be used predicatively or attributively.
Adjective stems are not fully distinguishable from nouns and in many cases a single stem may behave as either, e.g. ''ETS'' "salt; salty". Adjectives may be either simple (e.g. ''SUUP'' "large") or derived from another part of speech (e.g. ''PUTIŚ-'' "manly, man-like"). In either case they may be used predicatively or attributively.


An attributive adjective is added to the front of the noun in either its absolute or construct state. In the latter, the adjective intervenes between the prefixes and the stem, e.g. ''qaqral'' "the house" → ''qa'''suup'''qral'' "the big house", ''nehputek'' "an old man", ''qaaetsiwes'' "the salty waters".
An attributive adjective is placed after the noun in either its absolute or construct state and is unmarked for gender, number or state, e.g. ''qaqral suup'' "the big house", ''putek neh'' "an old man". In many cases an attributive adjective may be compounded with the noun stem, where the relationship between the noun and adjective is stronger. Here, the adjective intervenes between the construct noun stem and prefixes, e.g. ''qasuupqral'' "the big house, the mansion", ''nehputek'' "an old man".  


A predicative adjective may be formed by adding the verbal prefixes to the stem, e.g. ''kiputiy'' "I am manly", ''hisuup'' "it is large".
A predicative adjective may be formed by adding the verbal prefixes to the stem where the subject is a pronoun, e.g. ''kiputiś'' "I am manly", ''hisuup'' "it is large". When the subject is a noun, the attributive structure is used and verbal prefixes are added to the noun, e.g. ''haqral suup'' "it is a large house" or "the house is large", ''siput neh'' "he is an old man" or "the man is old".
 
===Verbs===
Like nouns and adjectives, verbs consist of an immutable stem to which affixes are added. Some stems may have both verbal and nominal functions, the distinction being made by affixes used, e.g. ''LAAN'' "breath, to breathe", ''laanah'' "a breath", ''kilaanamen'' "I breathed".
Verbal morphology is largely agglutinative and the verb is composed of the following elements:
 
:: [SUBJECT PREFIX] + ([OBJECT PREFIX]) + [STEM] + ([DERIVATIVE]) + [ASPECT SUFFIX] + ([TENSE SUFFIX])
 
====Subject Prefixes====
Subject prefixes exist for each of the persons in singular and plural, plus an impersonal used when the subject is unknown or to place focus on the object. The 3rd singular also has both masculine and other prefixes and must agree with the noun in gender.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 25px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''ki-''
| ''ni-''
|-
! 2
| ''li-''
| ''ti-''
|-
! 3m
| ''si-''
| rowspan="2;" | ''wi-''
|-
! 3o
| ''hi-''
|-
! Imp.
| colspan="2; | ''tśi-''
|}
 
Subject prefixes are only used to mark the subject of the verb or predicate and are mandatory even where the subject is otherwise specified. They may be added to verbs, nouns or adjectives. When added to nouns, the ''-i-'' of the prefix is lost to preserve the declension vowels (e.g. ''ki-eput'' > ''keput''). When added to verbs or adjectives the form is ''ki-'' etc, with epenthetic ''h'' added before a stem-initial vowel, e.g. ''kisuntsu'' "I was sleeping", ''hi'''h'''ets'' "it is salty".
 
====Object Prefixes====
Object pronouns are similar to subject forms, but have an additional reflexive form. They are used to show the direct object of a transitive verb and cannot be omitted, even where the object is stated elsewhere. The impersonal form is used when the object is either unknown or unspecified. They cannot be used with noun or adjective stems (except where these have a verbal use, like ''LAAN'' above).
 
The prefixes are inserted between the subject prefix and the stem.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 25px;" | !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! 1
| ''-ku-''
| ''-nu-''
|-
! 2
| ''-lu-''
| ''-tu-''
|-
! 3m
| ''-su-''
| rowspan="2;" | ''-wu-''
|-
! 3o
| ''-hu-''
|-
! Imp.
| colspan="2; | ''-tśu-''
|-
! Refl.
| colspan="2; | ''-keru-''
|}
 
When the prefixes precede a vowel-initial stem, an epenthetic ''n'' is inserted, e.g. ''kisuneenamen'' "I saw him".
 
The reflexive is used with all persons, e.g. ''likeruneenamen'' "you saw yourself", ''sikerutanya'' "he will kill himself".
 
====Aspect and Tense Suffixes====
All true verbs must have an 'aspect' marker (which includes the irrealis mood marker), added after the verb stem:
* Perfect ''-a''
* Imperfect ''-i''
* Irrealis ''-ya''
* Habitual ''-itti''
 
E.g. ''tisuntsi'' "you are sleeping", ''tisuntsa'' "you slept", ''tisuntsiya'' "you may/will sleep", ''tisuntsitti'' "you sleep often".
 
To these may be added the tense marker ''-men'' denoting the past, e.g. ''tisuntsimen'' "you were sleeping", ''tisuntsamen'' "you had slept", ''tisuntsiyamen'' "you would sleep".
 
These two sets of suffixes are used to build the verb paradigm, as follows:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Verb Form !! Construction !! E.g. !!
|-
! Present
| STEM + ''i''
| ''kitipi''
| I run
|-
! Past Continuous
| STEM + ''i'' + ''men''
| ''kitipimen''
| I was running
|-
! Past
| STEM + ''a''
| ''kitipa''
| I ran
|-
! Pluperfect
| STEM + ''a'' + ''men''
| ''kitipamen''
| I had run
|-
! Present Habitual
| STEM + ''itti''
| ''kitipitti''
| I often run
|-
! Past Habitual
| STEM + ''itti'' + ''men''
| ''kitipittimen''
| I used to run
|-
! Future
| STEM + ''ya''
| ''kitipya''
| I will run
|-
! Conditional
| STEM + ''ya'' + ''men''
| ''kitipyamen''
| I would have run
|-
! Imperative/Hortative
| ''faa'' _ STEM + ''ya''
| ''faa kitipya
| I ought to run
|}
 
====Notes on the Tenses====
* '''Present'''
** Used as both a simple and continuous present, denoting general truths or ongoing actions/states.
** It can also have a future sense, when the action is impending or when used with an adverb of time e.g. ''kitipi tapatla'' "I am going to run tomorrow".
* '''Past Continuous'''
** Used to denote ongoing actions/states in the past.
* '''Past'''
** A simple past or perfect, denoting completed past actions.
* '''Pluperfect'''
** Denoting actions/events that were completed at some time in the past.
* '''Present Habitual'''
** Denoting actions/states that the subject regularly or repeatedly experiences.
** The habitual suffix ''-itti'' can be used to create a noun meaning "one who Xes habitually", something like an agent or occupational noun, e.g. ''kalittiek'' "one who eats often, a glutton", ''qekayateltitti'' "the fisherman (one who fishes)".
* '''Past Habitual'''
** Expresses actions that used to be habitual for the subject, but no longer are. The use of the past habitual is relatively rare.
* '''Future'''
** Denotes actions/states expected to occur in the future. This is the base form of the irrealis mood, which indicates merely that an action/state has not taken place and has not been completed. No indication is given as to the likelihood of the verb action taking place. As such, while the primary meaning is taken to be future, the verb may be translated not only with the English future "I will run" etc (which indicates that the action is likely to occur), but also with "I may run" etc (where there is less certainty).
* '''Conditional'''
** The conditional is the past irrealis denoting hypothetical past events. Its use is mainly restricted to a conditional sense, e.g. "I would have run" etc.
* '''Imperative/Hortative'''
** Generally expressing commands, entreaties, wishes or obligations. It must be preceded by the particle ''faa''. The strength of the meaning is purely contextual. The 2nd person forms may be a translated as direct imperative, e.g. ''faa litipya'' "run!" but also "you ought to run, please run, may you run". In the other persons, these other meanings are also used, e.g. ''faa misuntsya'' "I ought to sleep", ''faa tśikalya'' "one ought to eat".
Psammead
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