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Kalyahekwe: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
This table shows the possible consonant phonemes in the Kalya language and its varieties: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 50: | Line 51: | ||
|- | |- | ||
![[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ![[w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | ||
| | | align="center"| f | ||
| style="background-color: #4feb34" align="center"| θ | | style="background-color: #4feb34" align="center"| θ | ||
| align="center"| s | | align="center"| s | ||
| align="center"| š /ʃ/ | | style="background-color: #5cfac0" align="center"| š /ʃ/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| Line 82: | Line 83: | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
*{{legend|#4feb34|Found only in the Möhkinis dialect, where it is a reflex of *č. This dialect has no [t͡ʃ]}} | |||
*{{legend|#3ee7fa|Present in Teimyois and Möhkinis. [ð] comes from *θ between two vowels in Teimyois and from *l in Möhkinis. *l is preserved as [l] in Teimyois, becomes [n] in Šonoowis and [j] in Eihtoomis.}} | |||
*{{legend|#5cfac0|Present in Šonoowis and in Southern Eihtoomis. In other dialects *š becomes [s].}} | |||
When /j/ precedes a consonant, it becomes palatalized. In most dialects /j/ then disappears. For example the name of the language is often pronounced [ka.ˈlʲa.he.kʷe] with a palatalized (or even a trully palatal /l/). In Eihtoomis plain velars also palatalize before /i(ː)/ and become [t͡ʃ]. A unique combination is ''"hy"'' which is almost always pronounced [ç], but that sound is rare, for example: ''lyahyi'' "rime" is [lʲaçɪ]. Whether palatalized consonants are separate phonemes or not is a matter of debate, but there is at least one minimal pair: ''lyoma'' ([ˈlʲo.ma], "hiding") and ''loma'' ([ˈlo.ma], "hammer, obviative") since two consonants in a row are not allowed word-initially in Kalya. | |||
Both plosives and affricates (except ''č'') can be preaspirated between two vowels and word-finally in monosyllabic words, which is marked with "h" before a consonant, for example: ''ahto'' "man", ''fohk'' "leaf", ''iskahceh'' "s/he fed it", ''fiihp'' "lake", ''liihkʷ'' "fire". | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Vowels | |+ Vowels | ||
| Line 114: | Line 120: | ||
| align="center"| a [a] | | align="center"| a [a] | ||
| | | | ||
| align="center"| aa [ɑː] | | align="center"| aa [ɑː~ɒː] | ||
|} | |||
All dialects have the same set of vowels, but they may differ in certain words. Kalya has several diphthongs as well, that can be monophthongized in many Southern varieties. The quality of those diphthongs varies too among dialects: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center | |||
|+Diphthongs | |||
! rowspan=2| | |||
! colspan=7|Dialects: | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
! Möhkinis | |||
! Teimyois | |||
! Šonoowis | |||
! Eihtoomis | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
| ''ei'' || [aɪ] || [eɪ] || [ɛæ] || [eɪ] | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
| ''aa'' || [ɒː] || [ɔɑ] || [ɔɑ] || [ɑː] | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
| ''oi'' || [oɪ] || [ʊɪ] || [ɛɵ~œ] || [øʏ] | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
| ''yo'' || [jo] || [jo] || [œː] || [je] | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
| ''ya'' || [ja] || [ja] || [ɛæ] || [je] | |||
|- style="text-align:center;" | |||
| yö || [jo] || [jø] || [øː] || [øː] | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Prosody=== | |||
Stress in Kalyahekwe is non-phonemic. Traditionally, the word stress is antepenultimate and dynamic. This means that it falls on the third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, but on the first syllable of the root in other words. But in Northern dialects it is always placed on the initial syllable instead. Both variations are correct in modern Kalya. In its earlier stages of development Kalya probably had a pitch accent, but it was lost completely nowadays. If a word is longer than four syllables, a secondary stress can be placed on the second to last syllable, for instance: ''koočikwaaniitis'' [koː.ˈt͡ʃɪ.kʷɔɑ.ˌniː.tɪs]"we might not be running around". | |||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]] | ||