Kalyahekwe: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
m
no edit summary
mNo edit summary
Line 4: Line 4:
|name= ''Kalyah language''
|name= ''Kalyah language''
|nativename=''Kalyahekwe''
|nativename=''Kalyahekwe''
|pronunciation=/kal.ˈja.hɛ.kʷɛ/
|pronunciation=/kalʲ.ˈja.hɛ.kʷɛ/
|-
|-
|creator=[[User:Raistas|Raistas]]
|creator=[[User:Raistas|Raistas]]
Line 18: Line 18:
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}
'''Kalyah''' (with four varieties, known as Möhkinis, Teimyois, Šonoowis and Eihtoomis) is a language, spoken in the western part of a vast flat region of the Northern continent, simply called the Plains. The most commonly spoken variety is Teimyois, it is referred to as an "ð-dialect", because the *θ is still distinct in most cases as a phoneme /ð/. The grammar and the examples used here are from Teimyois, but data on other dialects will be given as well.
'''Kalyah''' (with four varieties, known as Möhkinis, Teimyois, Šonoowis and Eihtoomis) is a language, spoken in the western part of a vast flat region of the Northern continent, simply called the Plains. The most commonly spoken variety is Teimyois, it is referred to as an "ð-dialect", because the *θ is still distinct in most cases as a phoneme /ð/. The grammar and the examples used here are from Teimyois, but data on other dialects will be given as well. It is spoken by approximately 117,000 people across the northern part of the Plains near the Frost Bay (''Iniikekwa'').
 
Kalyah is believed to have begun as a '''Plains Settameric''' dialect spoken between 2,500 and 3,000 years ago in the original homeland, near the '''Kahaaler''' mountains and slowly spread eastward. However, it's divergence into separate dialects began much later, around 700 years ago. The main criteria of division are reflexes of *l, *š and *θ as the boundaries, made by those reflexes, are quite clear. Another important phonological variation involves the palatalisation of the phoneme *k to "č" before /j/ and /i(ː)/, however the division is not as clear, since *ky is often pronounced as [c] in the west, slowly becomes [c͡ç], when moving eastward, until it finally becomes [t͡ʃ] Eihtoomis dialect.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
This table shows the possible consonant phonemes in the Kalya language and its varieties:
This table shows the possible consonant phonemes in the Kalyah language and its varieties:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 86: Line 88:
*{{legend|#3ee7fa|Present in Teimyois and Möhkinis. [ð] comes from *θ between two vowels in Teimyois and from *l in Möhkinis. *l is preserved as [l] in Teimyois, becomes [n] in Šonoowis and [j] in Eihtoomis.}}
*{{legend|#3ee7fa|Present in Teimyois and Möhkinis. [ð] comes from *θ between two vowels in Teimyois and from *l in Möhkinis. *l is preserved as [l] in Teimyois, becomes [n] in Šonoowis and [j] in Eihtoomis.}}
*{{legend|#5cfac0|Present in Šonoowis and in Southern Eihtoomis. In other dialects *š becomes [s].}}
*{{legend|#5cfac0|Present in Šonoowis and in Southern Eihtoomis. In other dialects *š becomes [s].}}
When /j/ precedes a consonant, it becomes palatalized. In most dialects /j/ then disappears. For example the name of the language is often pronounced [ka.ˈlʲa.he.kʷe] with a palatalized (or even a trully palatal /l/). In Eihtoomis plain velars also palatalize before /i(ː)/ and become [t͡ʃ]. A unique combination is ''"hy"'' which is almost always pronounced [ç], but that sound is rare, for example: ''lyahyi'' "rime" is [lʲaçɪ]. Whether palatalized consonants are separate phonemes or not is a matter of debate, but there is at least one minimal pair: ''lyoma'' ([ˈlʲo.ma], "hiding") and ''loma'' ([ˈlo.ma], "hammer, obviative") since two consonants in a row are not allowed word-initially in Kalya.
When /j/ precedes a consonant, it becomes palatalized. In most dialects /j/ then disappears. For example the name of the language is often pronounced [ka.ˈlʲa.he.kʷe] with a palatalized (or even a trully palatal /l/). In Eihtoomis plain velars also palatalize before /i(ː)/ and become [t͡ʃ]. A unique combination is ''"hy"'' which is almost always pronounced [ç], but that sound is rare, for example: ''lyahyi'' "rime" is [lʲaçɪ]. Whether palatalized consonants are separate phonemes or not is a matter of debate, but there is at least one minimal pair: ''lyoma'' ([ˈlʲo.ma], "hiding") and ''loma'' ([ˈlo.ma], "hammer, obviative") since two consonants in a row are not allowed word-initially in Kalyah.
Both plosives and affricates (except ''č'') can be preaspirated between two vowels and word-finally in monosyllabic words, which is marked with "h" before a consonant, for example: ''ahto'' "man", ''fohk'' "leaf", ''iskahceh'' "s/he fed it", ''fiihp'' "lake", ''liihkʷ'' "fire".
Both plosives and affricates (except ''č'') can be preaspirated between two vowels and word-finally in monosyllabic words, which is marked with "h" before a consonant, for example: ''ahto'' "man", ''fohk'' "leaf", ''iskahceh'' "s/he fed it", ''fiihp'' "lake", ''liihkʷ'' "fire".
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Line 122: Line 124:
| align="center"| aa [ɑː~ɒː]
| align="center"| aa [ɑː~ɒː]
|}
|}
All dialects have the same set of vowels, but they may differ in certain words. Kalya has several diphthongs as well, that can be monophthongized in many Southern varieties. The quality of those diphthongs varies too among dialects:
All dialects have the same set of vowels, but they may differ in certain words. Kalyah has several diphthongs as well, that can be monophthongized in many Southern varieties. The quality of those diphthongs varies too among dialects:
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Diphthongs
|+Diphthongs
Line 146: Line 148:
|}
|}
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Stress in Kalyahekwe is non-phonemic. Traditionally, the word stress is antepenultimate and dynamic. This means that it falls on the third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, but on the first syllable of the root in other words. But in Northern dialects it is always placed on the initial syllable instead. Both variations are correct in modern Kalya. In its earlier stages of development Kalya probably had a pitch accent, but it was lost completely nowadays. If a word is longer than four syllables, a secondary stress can be placed on the second to last syllable, for instance: ''koočikwaaniitis'' [koː.ˈt͡ʃɪ.kʷɔɑ.ˌniː.tɪs] "we might not be running around".
Stress in Kalyahekwe is non-phonemic. Traditionally, the word stress is antepenultimate and dynamic. This means that it falls on the third from last syllable in words with three or more syllables, but on the first syllable of the root in other words. But in Northern dialects it is always placed on the initial syllable instead. Both variations are correct in modern Kalyah. In its earlier stages of development Kalyah probably had a pitch accent, but it was lost completely nowadays. If a word is longer than four syllables, a secondary stress can be placed on the second to last syllable, for instance: ''koočikwaaniitis'' [koː.ˈt͡ʃɪ.kʷɔɑ.ˌniː.tɪs] "we might not be running around".


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]]
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]]
2,334

edits

Navigation menu