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Kalyahekwe: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs mark aspect, mood, subject and object and have two categories: '''independent''' (in a main clause) and '''conjunct''' (used in subordinate clauses, | Verbs mark aspect, mood, subject and object and have two categories: '''independent''' (in a main clause) and '''conjunct''' (used in subordinate clauses, to form participles and with particles, called preverbs). Intransitive verbs can only mark the subject, while transitive can also mark both direct and indirect objects (or one of them). Some markers can show variations among different dialects. | ||
Kalyah verbs have a similar shape to other Plains languages. Here is a template for all types of verbs: | Kalyah verbs have a similar shape to other Plains languages. Here is a template for all types of verbs: | ||
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*'''M''' - Möhkinis dialects, '''Š''' - Šonoowis dialect. | *'''M''' - Möhkinis dialects, '''Š''' - Šonoowis dialect. | ||
*Here are examples of all four types: '''I''' –''yohkyeen'' (''yo-hk-yeen'') "I see it" (active transitive verb), '''II''' – ''kesseen'' (''k-s-yeen'') "I understand" (detransitive verb), ''nöyon'' (''ne-m-yon'' "I am seen" (passive) , '''III''' ''eikseen'' (''e-i-hk-s-yeen'') "(thing) that I see" (conjunct verb), '''IV''' – ''mökkwi'' (''m-ökkw-i'') "I set fire" ([[w:Deponent verb|deponent]] verb). As can be seen for these examples, every type has slightly different person markers. | |||
Aspect are shown with multiple prefixes attached to a lexical stem. There are multiple aspect prefixes, sometimes more than one aspectual prefix can be attached to a verb. They are often used in combination with various clitics, but can also be used on their own. Together with person markers and a root they are compulsory parts of a verb. Aspect markers are not used to describe time, the same way as tenses in English, but can tell about the duration or completeness. Comparing to some Southern languages, Kalyah has a moderate inventory of aspectual prefixes. Four modifiers are used to change the [[w:Valency|valency]] of the verb. A modifier is always placed right next to the root before any other prefixes. | Aspect are shown with multiple prefixes attached to a lexical stem. There are multiple aspect prefixes, sometimes more than one aspectual prefix can be attached to a verb. They are often used in combination with various clitics, but can also be used on their own. Together with person markers and a root they are compulsory parts of a verb. Aspect markers are not used to describe time, the same way as tenses in English, but can tell about the duration or completeness. Comparing to some Southern languages, Kalyah has a moderate inventory of aspectual prefixes. Four modifiers are used to change the [[w:Valency|valency]] of the verb. A modifier is always placed right next to the root before any other prefixes. | ||
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===Demonstratives=== | |||
Kalyah has three types of demonstrative pronouns: '''proximal''' (indicates a person or an object that is close to the speaker), '''medial''' (indicates something that is slightly farther away from the speaker, but can be close to the listener) and '''distal''' (used, when someone or something is far away from the speaker). There are two sets based on animacy. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2| Animate !! colspan=2| '''Proximate''' !! colspan=2| '''Obviative''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''''Singular''''' || '''''Plural''''' || '''''Singular''''' || '''''Plural''''' | |||
|- | |||
|'''Proximal''' || ''ii'' || ''iin'' || ''yooð'' || ''yoon'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Medial''' || ''la'' || ''lan'' || ''hila'' || ''hilan'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Distal''' || ''eða'' || ''eðan'' || ''hiið'' || ''hiin'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2| Inanimate !! colspan=2| '''Proximate''' !! colspan=2| '''Obviative''' | |||
|- | |||
| '''''Singular''''' || '''''Plural''''' || '''''Singular''''' || '''''Plural''''' | |||
|- | |||
|'''Proximal''' || ''eki'' || ''ekini'' || ''yööð'' || ''yöötni'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Medial''' || ''li'' || ''lini'' || ''yeli'' || ''yelini'' | |||
|- | |||
| '''Distal''' || ''eð'' || ''etni'' || ''yiið'' || ''yiitni'' | |||
|} | |||
These pronouns act like separate words, but in some Northern dialects they can be used with verbs as prefixes instead of person markers. These pronouns can also attach prefixes, that would change their meaning, for example: ''nökweð'' "where?" (''n-ökw-eð'', where ''"n-"'' is a spatial prefix and ''"ökw-"'' is an interrogative prefix). | |||
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]] | ||