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Chiresh: Difference between revisions
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| ilăx'''ussi''' | | ilăx'''ussi''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! Dative | ||
| pĕlix'''år''' | | pĕlix'''år''' | ||
| pĕlix'''ar''' | | pĕlix'''ar''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | |||
Chiresh verbs have a very similar shape to other Plains languages. All verbs belong to one of three categories: transitive, intransitive and mediopassive. Like in Kalyah and Kootayi, there are independent (in a main clause) and conjunct (used in subordinate clauses, to form participles and with particles, called preverbs) forms, but the conjunct form looks exactly like the mediopassive form with the only difference being an initial conjunct prefix. Here is a template for all types of verbs: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan=14 | Transitive verbs | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=4 | prefixes || colspan=5 | word stem || colspan=5 | suffixes | |||
|- | |||
| particles || Ind. Obj. || 1,2 Subj. sg. || Dir. Obj. sg. || Aspect || Modality || Root || DIR/INV || Mood || 3sg. Subj. || Obj. du./pl. || Subj. du./pl. || negative || interrogative | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=9 | Intransitive verbs | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 | prefixes || colspan=4 | word stem || colspan=3 | suffixes | |||
|- | |||
| particles || Subj. sg. || Aspect || Modality || Root || Mood || Subj. du./pl. || negativity || interrogative | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=12 | Mediopassive verbs | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=3 | prefixes || colspan=5 | word stem || colspan=4 | suffixes | |||
|- | |||
| initial<br>si-/ni- || Ind. Obj. || 1,2 Subj. sg. || Aspect || Modality || Root || Mood || DIR/INV || 3 Subj. sg. || Subj. du./pl. || negative || interrogative | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
There are four moods in Chiresh: indicative, optative, conditional, and subjunctive. Different verbs determine (or govern) the case of the subsequent nouns, pronouns and adjectives of a sentence, for most transitive verbs their arguments are in proximate and obviative. In infinitive forms, most Chiresh verbs end in ''-a''. Some exceptions include a few verbs ending in ''-o'' and the verb "to be" has no infinitive at all. There are three types of infinitives: simple (only vowel ''"-a"'' or ''"-o"''), continouos (''"-(a)wa"'', ''"-owa"'') and nominal (with the ''i-'' prefix). The contionuos infinitive is used to indicate action as a process, to denote that two actions were going on simultaneously, for example in ''ăškumă rarwa'' "she/he was thinking while '''sitting'''" the word ''rarwa'' is used in the second infinitive. The third infinitive is very similar to a verbal noun and is used in the same way as [[w:Gerund|gerund]] in English: ''čăpat itöra śinxa'' "I like '''walking''' here" | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! rowspan=2| | |||
! colspan=2 |Indirect Object | |||
! colspan=2 |Subject | |||
! colspan=2 |Direct Object | |||
|- | |||
| singular | |||
| plural | |||
| singular | |||
| plural | |||
| singular | |||
| plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1<sup>st</sup> | |||
| ''r(ă)-'' | |||
| ''rĕl-'' | |||
| ''čă-'' | |||
| ''čă-_-et'' | |||
| ''m-'' | |||
| ''m-_-ĕš'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup> | |||
| ''t(ă)-'' | |||
| ''tĕl-'' | |||
| ''če-'' | |||
| ''če-_-et'' | |||
| ''n-'' | |||
| ''n-_-ĕš'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> an. | |||
| ''hu-'' | |||
| ''hul-'' | |||
| ''-ă'' (prox.)<br>''-u'' (obv.) | |||
| ''-et'' (prox.)<br>''-il'' (obv.) | |||
| ''–'' | |||
| ''-ox'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup> inan. | |||
| – | |||
| – | |||
| ''–'' | |||
| ''-(ĕ)n'' | |||
| ''e-'' | |||
| ''-a(š)'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
In most cases in Chiresh, the conjugation patterns remain regular across most verbs. Some verbs can change their root vowel and turn "-ă" in 3sg animate into "-å", which can not be determined from the verb itself in the modern language and speakers must memorize which verbs have these changes in their conjugation. Most cases of such changes have been completely regularized, however. | |||
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Settameric languages]] | ||