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Kirtumur: Difference between revisions
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The dual and plural of an animate noun are indicated with suffixes: ''-u'' (dual) and ''-ek/-ak'' (plural). The marker is attached directly to the animate noun regardless of its position in a noun phrase, while the plural marker is attached to the last word of a noun phrase, if the noun is inanimate, and has the form ''-ka/-kan'' depending on case markers, attached to it. Dual of naturally paired inanimate objects behaves the same way as the dual of animate nouns. The number marker always comes before any case markers and behaves either as a suffix or a clitic depending on the class of the noun, which it modifies. | The dual and plural of an animate noun are indicated with suffixes: ''-u'' (dual) and ''-ek/-ak'' (plural). The marker is attached directly to the animate noun regardless of its position in a noun phrase, while the plural marker is attached to the last word of a noun phrase, if the noun is inanimate, and has the form ''-ka/-kan'' depending on case markers, attached to it. Dual of naturally paired inanimate objects behaves the same way as the dual of animate nouns. The number marker always comes before any case markers and behaves either as a suffix or a clitic depending on the class of the noun, which it modifies. | ||
====Case==== | ====Case==== | ||
The category of case is expressed by enclitic case markers which are attached to the last word of the noun phrase | Cases play an important role in Kirtumur. Every noun phrase is marked with some case, which shows, how the phrase is related to the verb or to other parts of the sentence. Kirtumur cases express syntactic functions such as the subject and the various types of objects. The category of case is expressed by enclitic case markers which are attached to the last word of the noun phrase the case of which they indicate. There are four cases in the modern language, but the fifth case, called vocative is often used by the nobility, preserved in their speech through Kērsalur influence. Kirtumur nouns belong to one of three declension types, based on their animacy and whether they end in a consonant or a vowel. | ||
The case clitics are: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! Case | |||
! Animate | |||
! Inanimate I | |||
! Inanimate II | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Absolutive case|absolutive]] || ''ŋir'''i''''' || ''khiŋ'' ||''kōwa'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Ergative case|ergative]] || ''ŋir'''es''''' || ''khiŋ'''em''''' || ''kōwa'' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Dative case|dative]] || ''ŋir'''ara''''' || ''khiŋ'''ex''''' || ''kōw<span style="color: blue">ō</span>'''x''''' | |||
|- | |||
| [[w:Locative case|locative]] || ''ŋir'''inei''''' || ''khiŋ'''enei''''' || ''kōw<span style="color: blue">ō</span>'''nei''''' | |||
|- | |||
! Translation !! head !! day !! back | |||
|} | |||
Unlike in Kērsalur and other old languages, Kirtumur nouns do not have short forms which appear in more complex noun clauses in other Eastern languages, however noun case markers are clitics and are attached to the last word in a noun clause nevertheless. If a noun clause contains more than one noun, all case markers are stacked onto the last word in the order of those nouns, for example: | |||
:{| | |||
|Kōl | |||
|entiri | |||
|ualennararax | |||
|- | |||
|kōl | |||
|entiri | |||
|ual-enn-ar-ar-ex | |||
|- | |||
|name | |||
|god | |||
|great-3rd.PL-DAT.AN-DAT.AN-DAT.INAN | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="2" | "for the name of the great gods". | |||
|} | |||
The dual of or plural markers are used with the noun they modify, although this particular example is from an old text. In modern colloquial language the word "gods" would be ''entirik'' instead, the second animate dative marker would be dropped too. | |||
====Possession==== | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||