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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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====Possessives==== | ====Possessives==== | ||
Possessives follow the same declension of articles, as they are diachronically formed from the pronominal genitive attached to an article. Note that the neuter singular has a ''-t-'' inserted before the article. The possessives are:<br/> | Possessives follow the same declension of articles, as they are diachronically formed from the pronominal genitive attached to an article. Note that the neuter singular has a ''-t-'' inserted before the article. The possessives are:<br/> | ||
'''''minso''' (mintat, minsá, mintí, mintá, mintás)'' "my, mine" - '''''tuso''''' "your (sg.), yours (sg.)" - '''''suso''''' "his/her(s)/their(s)" - '''''nósso''''' "our, ours" - '''''usso''''' "your (pl.), yours (pl.)" | '''''minso''' (mintat, minsá, mintí, mintá, mintás)'' "my, mine" - '''''tuso''''' "your (sg.), yours (sg.)" - '''''suso''''' "his/her(s)/their(s)" - '''''nósso''''' "our, ours" - '''''usso''''' "your (pl.), yours (pl.)" | ||
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| mintom || mintat || mintám || mintás || mintá || mintás | | mintom || mintat || mintám || mintás || mintá || mintás | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Pronouns=== | |||
Lifashian pronouns are divided in three declensional paradigms: third-person pronouns follow the same declension as the articles (in fact, Lifashian articles are PIE third-person pronouns, while third person pronouns are the same forms preceded by ''le-'' (from the PIE emphatic particle *de)); the singular and plural first- and second-person pronouns have their own declensions, one in the singular and one in the plural. | |||
Among first- and second-person pronouns, many of their forms have changed from PIE due to analogy, especially in the nominative and accusative. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ First- and second-person pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=2 | First person !! colspan=2 | Second person | |||
|- | |||
! Singular ''(I)'' !! Plural ''(we)'' !! Singular ''(you)'' !! Plural ''(you)'' | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| mek || wis || tuk || yús | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| mém || onsom || tet || usom | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| mew || onsyém || tew || usyém | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| me || nó || to || yó | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+ Third-person pronouns | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2 | !! colspan=3 | Singular !! colspan=3 | Plural | |||
|- | |||
! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Neuter !! Feminine | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| leso || lét || lesá || letí || letá || letás | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| colspan=2 | letosy || letassyá || colspan=2 | letyám || letásam | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| colspan=2 | letási || letasyé || colspan=2 | letós || letábi | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| letom || lét || letám || letás || letá || letás | |||
|} | |||
Note that contemporary Lifashian is said to have lost the T-V distinction, uniquely in its area of the world; previously, the second-person plural pronoun ''yú'' was used as the respectful form in both singular and plural.<br/>This loss is a recent phenomenon that started in the early 1980s. There still is a noticeable generational divide, with T-V distinction being still commonly found among speakers born not later than the late 1950s; it is less common among people born in the 1960s and early 70s, and usually only used with older people. | |||
Even in formal contexts, the remnants of T-V distinction are usually manifest in the use of ''bátursuás'' (Mr.) or ''ninfásuása'' (Ms.) with either the surname or - even more often - the given name. Using both the surname and given name is generally limited to written legal texts. It is not uncommon even for contemporary politicians or other prominent people to be mentioned in Lifashian newspapers with ''bátursuás''/''ninfásuása'' and their given name. | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||