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Pulqer/History: Difference between revisions
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** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja'' | ** ''u'' before ''v'' and merges, e.g. ''fovea > fuja'' | ||
** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine'' | ** ''ą'' /ɑ/ elsewhere, e.g. ''rota > arątha, homine > ąmine'' | ||
* Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' (NB: C > C''h'' does not occur | * Chain shift in which voiced plosives become unaspirated voiceless plosives and voiceless plosives become aspirated voiceless plosives, e.g. ''cadere > khatere'' (NB: C > C''h'' does not occur adjacent to a resonant). | ||
** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'') | ** ''b > p > ph'' (word-initial ''v-'' also > ''p'') | ||
** ''d > t > th'' | ** ''d > t > th'' | ||
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*** ''kuV'' and ''khuV'' merge with ''q, qh'', e.g. ''phinkue > phinqe'' | *** ''kuV'' and ''khuV'' merge with ''q, qh'', e.g. ''phinkue > phinqe'' | ||
* Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/. | * Affricate /d͡ʒ/ (from L. ''j, gi'') becomes /t͡ʃ/. | ||
* Palatal resonants /ʎ, ɲ/ are depalatalised > /lj, nj/ > /lt͡ʃ, nt͡ʃ/. | |||
* Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''. | * Voiced fricatives /z/ and /β/ (from intervocalic allophones of ''s, v, b'') are devoiced to /s/ and /ɸ/, the latter merging with ''f'', e.g. ''bibere > pifere'', ''casa'' /kaːza/ > ''khaesa''. | ||
* Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''attu'' | * Assimilation of consonant clusters, e.g. ''octō'' > ''attu'' | ||
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** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss'' | ** ''x'' /ks/ > ''ss'' | ||
* Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > arike'', ''stella > astella'' | * Prothesis before word-initial ''r''- or ''s''C-, e.g. ''rẹge > arike'', ''stella > astella'' | ||
* Syllable-final ''r'' > ''l'', e.g. ''car'tate > | * Syllable-final ''r'' > ''l'', e.g. ''car'tate > khaltathe'' | ||
* | * C''l'' > C''r'', e.g. ''clarus > kralu'' | ||
** There is occasional metathesis where ''r'' and ''l'' occur in a word. | |||
The following are later developments within OP. | The following are later developments within OP. | ||
* Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. '' | * Stressed open vowels are lengthened, later diphthongised e.g. ''khaltathe > khaltaethe'' | ||
** ''a > ae'' /ae | ** ''a > ae'' /aː > ae/ | ||
** ''e > ei'' /ɛi/ | ** ''e > ei'' /ɛː > ɛi/ | ||
** ''i > ie'' /iə | ** ''i > ie'' /iː > iə/ | ||
** '' | ** ''u > ue'' /uə > uː/ | ||
** '' | ** ''ą > au'' /ɑː > ao/, merging with L. ''au''. | ||
* All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne'' | * All other unstressed internal vowels are lost between stressed syllables, wherever possible, e.g. ''aumine > aunne'' | ||
* Syllabic liquids ''ḷ, ṛ'' develop between other consonants, e.g. ''sacramentum > | * Syllabic liquids ''ḷ, ṛ'' develop between other consonants, e.g. ''sacramentum > sakṛmentu'' | ||
===Middle Pulqer Changes=== | ===Middle Pulqer Changes=== | ||
* Diphthongs are simplified: | |||
** ''ae'' /ae > ɛː/ | |||
** ''ie'' /iə > iː/ (except before ''r, l'') | |||
** ''ue'' /uə > uː/ (except before ''r, l'') | |||
** ''au'' /ɑə > ɑː/ | |||
*** NB ''ei'' /ɛi/ remains | |||
* Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''. | * Geminate resonants (''ll, rr, nn, mm'') are preoccluded (> ''tl, tr, tn, pm'', e.g. ''khapallu > khapatlu''. | ||
* Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre, | * Excrescent ''t'' is inserted between other resonants or between ''s'' + resonant, e.g. ''esre > estre, | ||
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** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr'' | ** ''f'' is probably already lost before ''u'', e.g. ''fulpr > ulpr'' | ||
** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'') | ** new medial ''h'' is quickly lost or moves to the front of the word, e.g. ''ifant > ihant > hiant'') | ||
* Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > | * Initial ''kh, ph, th'' merge with ''k, p, t''. | ||
* ''r'' | * Remaining geminate consonants simplified, e.g. ''khatth > kath'' | ||
* Medial ''kh, ph, th'' are lenited to fricatives ''ḥ, f, z'' /x, ɸ, θ/, e.g. ''kath > kaz''. | |||
* ''r'' becomes ''l'' in word-final position, e.g. ''muer > muel''. | |||
===Modern Pulqer Changes=== | ===Modern Pulqer Changes=== | ||
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** ''au > a'' | ** ''au > a'' | ||
** ''ue > u'' | ** ''ue > u'' | ||
*** but > ''ua'' before ''r, l'', e.g. '' | *** but > ''ua'' before ''r, l'', e.g. ''muel > mual'' | ||
* Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl'' | * Development of epenthetic vowel ''y'' /ə/, e.g. ''kapatl > kapatyl'' | ||
* Remaining ''q'' merge with ''k'', e.g. ''qistu > kistu'' | * Remaining ''q'' merge with ''k'', e.g. ''qistu > kistu'' | ||
* sC > ş | |||
* (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. ''kapatyl > kapat'' (except infinitives). | * (recent) Loss of unstressed final syllables in words of three or more syllables, e.g. ''kapatyl > kapat'' (except infinitives). | ||
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| rowspan="4;" | p || p || colspan="2;" | ph || p | | rowspan="4;" | p || p || colspan="2;" | ph || p | ||
|- | |- | ||
| pl || colspan="2;" | | | pl || colspan="2;" | pr || pr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -pj- || colspan="2;" | ttś || tś | | -pj- || colspan="2;" | ttś || tś | ||
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| ci || ts | | ci || ts | ||
|- | |- | ||
| cr || | | cr || kr | ||
|- | |- | ||
| g | | g | ||