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Kämpya: Difference between revisions
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/h/ can occur in the coda of stressed syllables. It's realisation depends on the phonation of the previous vowel, but is always pharyngeal. | /h/ can occur in the coda of stressed syllables. It's realisation depends on the phonation of the previous vowel, but is always pharyngeal. | ||
If the stressed vowel has breathy phonation, the /h/ manifests itself as a pharyngeal fricative [ħ] e.g. /à̤h/ - "question" is pronounced [ | If the stressed vowel has breathy phonation, the /h/ manifests itself as a voiced pharyngeal fricative [ħ] e.g. /à̤h/ - "question" is pronounced [à̤ʕ]. Compare /ŋà̤/ - "fish" which is pronounced [ŋà̤]. | ||
If the stressed vowel has glottalised phonation, the /h/ manifests itself as a pharyngeal stop [ʡ] e.g. /dáʔh/ - "darkness" is pronounced [dáʡ]. Compare / | If the stressed vowel has glottalised phonation, the /h/ manifests itself as a pharyngeal stop [ʡ] e.g. /dáʔh/ - "darkness" is pronounced [dáʡ]. Compare /táh/ - "a wish" (in a nostalgic context) which is pronounced with a glottal stop [táʔ]. | ||
/h/ | If /h/ occurs after vowels with harsh phonation, it is pronounced as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ] e.g. /éˈmḛ̂hè/ - "to emerge", is pronounced [éˈmḛ̂ħè] | ||
Of course, if a process such a cliticisation (e.g. with the genitive clitic /jà/ or the dative clitic /àuŋ/), means that the /h/ is no longer in coda position, then these process do not occur e.g. | Of course, if a process such a cliticisation (e.g. with the genitive clitic /jà/ or the dative clitic /àuŋ/), means that the /h/ is no longer in coda position, then these process do not occur e.g. | ||
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The guardian must not bite the dog. | The guardian must not bite the dog. | ||
==Compounding== | |||
How compounds are formed depends on their semantics [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)#Semantic_classification]. | |||
===Endocentric Compounds=== | |||
These are head final, with the second element (and any subsequent elements) losing its stress and phonation e.g. | |||
/ˈsíʔtà-kʰwèi/ | |||
guardian-dog | |||
a watchdog | |||
If this compounding would result in multiple aspirated consonants in the same word, all except the first lose their aspiration e.g. | |||
/pʰáˈzè̤t-kwèi/ | |||
forest-dog | |||
a wild dog (not */pʰáˈzè̤t-kʰwèi/) | |||
Voiceless nasals, /h/, and clusters containing /h/ also count as "aspirated consonants" e.g. from /káˈkʰâṵd/ - "isthmus" we form the compound | |||
/éˈmḛ̂hè-kà̀kàud/ | |||
emerge-isthmus | |||
land that rises from the sea due to isostatic rebound [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostatic_reboundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isostatic_rebound] | |||
===Exocentric compounds=== | |||
Here it is the first element of the compound that loses its stress, phonation and aspiration (if any) e.g. | |||
/émé.é-káˈkʰâṵd/ | |||
emerge-isthmus | |||
War fought over land that rises from the sea due to isostatic rebound (a very common occurrence) | |||