Kämpya: Difference between revisions

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Kämpya (view source)

Revision as of 12:53, 27 May 2014

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Non-Polar Questions Done
(Interrogative Pronouns Added)
(Non-Polar Questions Done)
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If the stressed vowel has breathy phonation, the /h/ manifests itself as a voiced pharyngeal fricative [ħ] e.g. /à̤h/ - "question" is pronounced [à̤ʕ]. Compare /ŋà̤/ - "fish" which is pronounced [ŋà̤].
If the stressed vowel has breathy phonation, the /h/ manifests itself as a voiced pharyngeal fricative [ħ] e.g. /à̤h/ - "question" is pronounced [à̤ʕ]. Compare /ŋà̤/ - "fish" which is pronounced [ŋà̤].


If the stressed vowel has glottalised phonation, the /h/ manifests itself as a pharyngeal stop [ʡ] e.g. /dáʔh/ - "darkness" is pronounced [dáʡ]. Compare /táh/ - "a wish" (in a nostalgic context) which is pronounced with a glottal stop [táʔ].
If the stressed vowel has glottalised phonation, the /h/ manifests itself as a pharyngeal stop [ʡ] e.g. /dáʔh/ - "darkness" is pronounced [dáʡ].


If /h/ occurs after vowels with harsh phonation, it is pronounced as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ] e.g. /éˈmḛ̂hè/ - "to emerge", is pronounced [éˈmḛ̂ħè]
If /h/ occurs after vowels with harsh phonation, it is pronounced as a voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ] e.g. /éˈmḛ̂hè/ - "to emerge", is pronounced [éˈmḛ̂ħè]


Of course, if a process such a cliticisation (e.g. with the genitive clitic /jà/ or the dative clitic /àuŋ/), means that the /h/ is no longer in coda position, then these process do not occur e.g.
Of course, if a process such a cliticisation (e.g. with the genitive clitic /jà/ or the dative clitic /àuŋ/), means that the /h/ is no longer in coda position, then these processes do not occur e.g.


/à̤h jà/ - "of the question (alienable)" is pronounced [ˈà̤çà] (/hj/ assimilates to [ç]).
/à̤h jà/ - "of the question (alienable)" is pronounced [ˈà̤çà] (/hj/ assimilates to [ç]).
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===Transitive Sentences===
===Transitive Sentences===


In transitive sentences without pronouns, the basic word order is SVO, with the subject marked with the ergative clitic /-zu/ e.g.
In transitive sentences without pronouns, the basic word order is SVO, with the subject marked with the ergative clitic /-zu/ (or /-ɾu/ after a vowel with harsh or breathy voice) e.g.


/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk gáʔɾ/
/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk gáʔɾ/
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The come after the ergative noun, but before the verb (or any pronouns) e.g.
The come after the ergative noun, but before the verb (or any pronouns) e.g.


/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù pʰáˈzè̤t=dé káiʔk gáʔɾ/
/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù pʰáˈzè̤t=ká káiʔk gáʔɾ/


dog=ERG forest=in bite lizard
dog=ERG forest=LOC bite lizard


It was the dog that bit the lizard in the forest.
It was the dog that bit the lizard in the forest.
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The dog bit the lizard.
The dog bit the lizard.


The difference between this and /kʰwèi̤ zù káiʔk gáʔɾ/ (i.e. with the case marker), is that, in the sentence with the case marker, the "new information" being presented to the listener is that it was the dog that did the biting. Without the case marker, it is a sentence describing the dog, and the new information is that it bit the lizard. This is analagous to the difference between "ga" and "wa" in Japanese.
The difference between this and /kʰwèi̤ ɾù káiʔk gáʔɾ/ (i.e. with the case marker), is that, in the sentence with the case marker, the "new information" being presented to the listener is that it was the dog that did the biting. Without the case marker, it is a sentence describing the dog, and the new information is that it bit the lizard. This is analagous to the difference between "ga" and "wa" in Japanese.


Also note that topicalising both the subject and object is ungrammatical i.e. we cannot say  */gáʔɾ kʰwèi̤ káiʔk/ or anything like that.
Also note that topicalising both the subject and object is ungrammatical i.e. we cannot say  */gáʔɾ kʰwèi̤ káiʔk/ or anything like that.
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/pʰáˈzè̤t=dé jô̰ káiʔk gáʔɾ/
/pʰáˈzè̤t=ká jô̰ káiʔk gáʔɾ/


forest=in 2PS.ERG bite lizard
forest=LOC 2PS.ERG bite lizard


You bit the lizard in the forest.
You bit the lizard in the forest.
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Postpositional phrases usually come after the theme (i.e. whatever takes the secundative case) e.g.
Postpositional phrases usually come after the theme (i.e. whatever takes the secundative case) e.g.


/ˈsíʔtà=zù áˈjòṳ=tí pʰáˈzè̤t=dé gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/
/ˈsíʔtà=zù áˈjòṳ=tí pʰáˈzè̤t=ká gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/


guardian=ERG bone=SEC forest=in give dog
guardian=ERG bone=SEC forest=LOC give dog


It was the guardian that gave the bone to the dog in the forest.
It was the guardian that gave the bone to the dog in the forest.
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====Allomorphy====
====Allomorphy====


Immediately after a monophthong with breathy voice (and thus necessarily a vowel in an open syllable that has stress), the secundative clitic becomes /ɾi/ e.g.
=====Clitics beginning with /t/ and /p/=====
 
Immediately after a monophthong with breathy voice (and thus necessarily a vowel in an open syllable that has stress), an inital /t/ in clitics lenites to /ɾ/. For example, the secundative clitic /ti/ becomes /ɾi/ e.g.


/ˈsíʔtà ŋà̤=ɾí gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/
/ˈsíʔtà ŋà̤=ɾí gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/
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Immediately after a monophthong with harsh voice, the clitic also becomes /ɾi/. However, it also triggers a phonation shift on the vowel from harsh to glottalised e.g. the noun meaning "animal fat" is /áˈsʰḭ̀/ in Tone Class 2. It normally has harsh voice, but it combines with the secundative clitic to form /áˈsʰìʔ=ɾí/, as in:
Immediately after a monophthong with harsh voice, /t/ also lenites to /ɾ/. However, it also triggers a phonation shift on the vowel from harsh to glottalised e.g. the noun meaning "animal fat" is /áˈsʰḭ̀/ in Tone Class 2. It normally has harsh voice, but it combines with the secundative clitic to form /áˈsʰìʔ=ɾí/, as in:


/ˈsíʔtà áˈsʰìʔ=ɾí θú=gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/
/ˈsíʔtà áˈsʰìʔ=ɾí θú=gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/
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The guardian gave the fat to the dog.
The guardian gave the fat to the dog.
In similar situations, /p/ lenites to /ⱱ/. For example, the instrumental postposition /piŋ/ likewise becomes /ⱱiŋ/ e.g. /ˈdè̤sí/ - "words" becomes /ˈdè̤sí=píŋ/ - "using words", but /ŋà̤/ - "fish" becomes /ˈŋà̤=ⱱíŋ/ - "using fish", and words with harsh voice on the final vowel such as /áˈsʰḭ̀/ - "animal fat", become /áˈsʰìʔ=ⱱíŋ/ - "using animal fat".
=====Clitics beginning with /d/, /z/ and /b/=====
Immediately after a monophthong with harsh or breathy voice, /d/, /z/ also lenite to /ɾ/ (as we have seen with the ergative clitic /-zu/). /b/ also lenites to /ⱱ/. But they do not trigger any phonation changes on the vowel.
=====Clitics beginning with /g/=====
Immediately after a monophthong with harsh or breathy voice, /g/ is lenited to /h/. However this triggers deaspiration in the word it attaches to. Aspirated consonants lose their aspiration, /h/ is deleted, and voiceless nasals become voiced e.g. with the postposition /-gei/ - "since the time of"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Gloss !! Base Form !! Form with /-gei/
|-
| child|| kʰlè̤ || klè̤=héi
|-
| snare || n̥ḛ̀ || nḛ̀=héi
|-
| mother || múˈhḛ̂ || múˈḛ̀=héi
|}
=====Clitics beginning with /k/=====
The /k/ here lenits to /h/ and triggers deaspiration in exactly the same way as /g/. However, if the monophthong had harsh voice, it changes to be glottalised e.g. from /n̥ḛ̀/ - "snare", if we add the locative clitic /-ka/, the result is /nèʔ=há/ - "at the snare".




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/áˈjòṳ=tí pʰáˈzè̤t=dé jô̰ gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/
/áˈjòṳ=tí pʰáˈzè̤t=ká jô̰ gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/


bone=SEC forest=in 2PS.ERG give dog
bone=SEC forest=LOC 2PS.ERG give dog


You gave the bone to the dog in the forest.
You gave the bone to the dog in the forest.
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/jô̰ áˈjòṳ=tí pʰáˈzè̤t=dé gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/
/jô̰ áˈjòṳ=tí pʰáˈzè̤t=ká gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤/


2PS.ERG bone=SEC forest=in give dog
2PS.ERG bone=SEC forest=LOC give dog


You gave the bone to the dog in the forest.
You gave the bone to the dog in the forest.
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To topicalise a noun in a postpositional phrase, Kämpya uses applicative constructions [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applicative_voice]. These are formed by first shifting the noun in the absolutive case to the end of the sentence (and marking it with the dative clitic /-àuŋ/). In turn, the noun that the postposition was attached to goes into the absolutive case, and the postposition is placed after the verb as a clitic e.g. from the sentence:
To topicalise a noun in a postpositional phrase, Kämpya uses applicative constructions [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applicative_voice]. These are formed by first shifting the noun in the absolutive case to the end of the sentence (and marking it with the dative clitic /-àuŋ/). In turn, the noun that the postposition was attached to goes into the absolutive case, and the postposition is placed after the verb as a clitic e.g. from the sentence:


/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù pʰáˈzè̤t=dé káiʔk gáʔɾ/
/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù pʰáˈzè̤t=ká káiʔk gáʔɾ/


dog=ERG forest=in bite lizard
dog=ERG forest=LOC bite lizard


It was the dog that bit the lizard in the forest.
It was the dog that bit the lizard in the forest.
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we can apply an applicative transformation to get:
we can apply an applicative transformation to get:


/pʰáˈzè̤t ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk=dè gáʔɾ=àuŋ/
/pʰáˈzè̤t ˈkʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk=kà gáʔɾ=àuŋ/


forest dog=ERG bite=in lizard=DAT
forest dog=ERG bite=LOC lizard=DAT


In the forest, the dog bit the lizard.
In the forest, the dog bit the lizard.
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/áˈjòṳ ˈsíʔtà=zù gḭ̂b=tì kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/
/áˈjòṳ ˈsíʔtà=zù gḭ̂b=tì kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/


bone guardian=ERG bone=SEC give=SEC dog=DAT
bone guardian=ERG give=SEC dog=DAT


The bone was given to the dog by the guardian.
The bone was given to the dog by the guardian.
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When a pronoun is the object of the verb to be put into the applicative voice, the subject is put into the dative case instead e.g. when we apply the applicative voice to
When a pronoun is the object of the verb to be put into the applicative voice, the subject is put into the dative case instead e.g. when we apply the applicative voice to


/kʰwèi̤ pʰáˈzè̤t=dé ŋí=káiʔk/
/kʰwèi̤ pʰáˈzè̤t=ká ŋí=káiʔk/


dog forest=in 2PS.ACC=bite
dog forest=LOC 2PS.ACC=bite


The dog will bite you in the forest.
The dog will bite you in the forest.
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we get
we get


/pʰáˈzè̤t ŋí=káiʔk=dé kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/
/pʰáˈzè̤t ŋí=káiʔk=kà kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/


forest 2PS.ACC=bite=in dog=DAT
forest 2PS.ACC=bite=LOC dog=DAT


In the forest, the dog will bite you.
In the forest, the dog will bite you.
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This is clearly a cliticisation process, since adverbs can come before the particle but after the verb e.g.
This is clearly a cliticisation process, since adverbs can come before the particle but after the verb e.g.


/pʰáˈzè̤t kʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk tjǎ̤ŋ=dè gáʔɾ=àuŋ/
/pʰáˈzè̤t kʰwèi̤=zù káiʔk tjǎ̤ŋ=kà gáʔɾ=àuŋ/


forest dog=ERG bite yesterday=in lizard=DAT
forest dog=ERG bite yesterday=LOC lizard=DAT


In the forest, the dog bit the lizard.
In the forest, the dog bit the lizard.
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!  !! Tone !! This !! That
!  !! Tone !! This !! That
|-
|-
| Pronominal || Harsh Falling || dâ̰ || tʰôṵ
| Pronominal || Harsh Falling || dâ̰ || hôṵ
|-
|-
| Adnominal (Places) || Modal High || dá || *tʰóu
| Adnominal (Places) || Modal High || dá || *(h)óu
|-
|-
| Adnominal (Other cases) || Harsh Low || dà̰ || tʰòṵ
| Adnominal (Other cases) || Harsh Low || dà̰ || hòṵ
|}
|}


*/tʰóu-/ has the allomorph /*tʰów-/ before a vowel.
*/hóu-/ has the allomorph /*hów-/ before a vowel. Before a word containing an aspirated consonant, a voiceless nasal or another /h/, the initial /h/ is dropped e.g. /óu=pʰáˈzè̤t/ - "that forest", not */hóu=pʰáˈzè̤t/.




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/gáʔɾ=zù káiʔk=dè pʰáˈzè̤t nóuʔp/
/gáʔɾ=zù káiʔk=kà pʰáˈzè̤t nóuʔp/


lizard=ERG bite=in forest small
lizard=ERG bite=LOC forest small


The forest that the lizard bit it in is small.
The forest that the lizard bit it in is small.
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/pʰáˈzè̤t gáʔɾ=zù káiʔk=dè nóuʔp/
/pʰáˈzè̤t gáʔɾ=zù káiʔk=kà nóuʔp/


forest lizard=ERG bite=in small
forest lizard=ERG bite=LOC small


The forest, which the lizard bit it in, is small.
The forest, which the lizard bit it in, is small.
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/gáʔɾ=zù káiʔk=dè pʰáˈzè̤t kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ nóuʔp/
/gáʔɾ=zù káiʔk=kà pʰáˈzè̤t kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ nóuʔp/


lizard=ERG bite=in forest dog=DAT small
lizard=ERG bite=LOC forest dog=DAT small


The forest that the lizard bit the dog in is small. (not */gáʔɾ=zù káiʔk=dè kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ pʰáˈzè̤t nóuʔp/)
The forest that the lizard bit the dog in is small. (not */gáʔɾ=zù káiʔk=kà kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ pʰáˈzè̤t nóuʔp/)




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/ŋí=dú=káiʔk kʰwèi̤/
/ŋí=dú=káiʔk kʰwèi̤/


2PS.ACC=QN=bite dog
2PS.ACC=POLQ=bite dog


Were you bitten by the dog?
Were you bitten by the dog?
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/dú=ŋí=káiʔk kʰwèi̤/
/dú=ŋí=káiʔk kʰwèi̤/


QN=2PS.ACC=bite dog
POLQ=2PS.ACC=bite dog


Were '''you''' weren't bitten by the dog? / Was it you that was bitten by the dog?
Were '''you''' weren't bitten by the dog? / Was it you that was bitten by the dog?
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/ŋí=káiʔk dú=kʰwèi̤/
/ŋí=káiʔk dú=kʰwèi̤/


2PS.ACC=bite QN=dog
2PS.ACC=bite POLQ=dog


Were you bitten by '''the dog'''? Was it the dog that bit you?
Were you bitten by '''the dog'''? Was it the dog that bit you?
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/ŋí=káiʔk dú=nòuʔp kʰwèi̤/
/ŋí=káiʔk dú=nòuʔp kʰwèi̤/


2PS.ACC=bite QN=small.REST dog
2PS.ACC=bite POLQ=small.REST dog


Were you bitten by the '''small''' dog? / Was it the '''small''' dog that bit you?? (or were you bitten by the big dog?)
Were you bitten by the '''small''' dog? / Was it the '''small''' dog that bit you?? (or were you bitten by the big dog?)
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/ŋí=káiʔk dù=néʔk kʰwèi̤/
/ŋí=káiʔk dù=néʔk kʰwèi̤/


2PS.ACC=bite QN=deep.ADV dog
2PS.ACC=bite POLQ=deep.ADV dog


Were you bitten '''deeply''' by the dog? (or was it a shallow bite?)
Were you bitten '''deeply''' by the dog? (or was it a shallow bite?)
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/ŋí=dúw=áˈlôṵn kʰwèi̤/
/ŋí=dúw=áˈlôṵn kʰwèi̤/


2PS.ACC=QN=abandon dog
2PS.ACC=POLQ=abandon dog


You weren't abandoned by the dog.
You weren't abandoned by the dog.
===Other Questions===
These are formed by using interrogative pronouns. There is no distinction between "who" and "what" e.g.
/báj=ˈḛ̂nèmì/
Q.INTR=enemy
Who / What is the enemy?
or
/ˈkʰòʔnát=m̥á bá=ˈkúʔn/
Hkonat=from Q.INTR=depart
Who / What departed from Hkonat?
/zwé=ˈkáiʔk gáʔɾ/
Q.ERG=bite lizard
Who / What bit the lizard?
/ké=ˈkáiʔk gáʔɾ/
Q.ACC=bite lizard
Who / What did the lizard bite? (because the verb takes a pronoun, the word for lizard does not take the ergative case)
/ˈsíʔtà ˈkèʔ=ɾí θú=gḭ̂b kʰwèi̤=jàuŋ/
guardian Q.ACC=SEC ANTIP=give dog=DAT
Who / What did the guardian give to the dog?
When English would use a word such as "where" or "when", Kämpya instead uses /kḛ̀/ (the accusative emphatic interrogative pronoun) with a postposition e.g.
/ˈḛ̂nèmì ˈkḛ̀=m̥á kúʔn/
enemy Q.ACC=from depart
Where did the enemy depart from?
/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù ˈkḛ̀=wé káiʔk gáʔɾ/
dog=ERG Q.ACC=TEM bite lizard
When did the dog bite the lizard?
/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù ˈkèʔ=ⱱíŋ káiʔk gáʔɾ/
dog=ERG Q.ACC=INS bite lizard
How did the dog bite the lizard?
/ˈkʰwèi̤=zù ˈkèʔ=há káiʔk gáʔɾ/
dog=ERG Q.ACC=LOC bite lizard
Where did the dog bite the lizard?




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