Nkwu: Difference between revisions

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{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ Simple (singular) Personal Markers
|+ '''Simple Personal Markers'''
|-  
|-  
! Prefix !! Person !! Rank !! Definiteness !! Specificity
! Prefix !! Person !! Rank !! Definiteness !! Specificity
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|}
|}


First and second person plurals are indicated essentially by combination of two simple markers. For example, the inclusive first person plural "we (including you)" is formed by combining the first person marker '''''n-''''' with the second person marker '''''w-''''', producing '''''nw-'''''. Exclusive first person plurals, "we (not including you)" are formed by combining the '''''n-''''' of the first person with the definite third person marker of the appropriate rank, for example '''''nj-''''' means "we" in the sense of "he/they (dominant) and I". Second person plurals are similarly formed, with the exclusive 2nd person marker '''''vw-''''' used only for cases when every member of the group referred to is being addressed. Additional members of the group being referred to who are not being addressed will be indicated instead with a combination involving the appropriately ranked third person definite marker, such as '''''dw-''''' "you and he/they".
First and second person plurals are indicated essentially by combination of two simple markers. For example, the inclusive first person plural "we (including you)" is formed by combining the first person marker '''''n-''''' with the second person marker '''''w-''''', producing '''''nw-'''''. Exclusive first person plurals, "we (not including you)" are formed by combining the '''''n-''''' of the first person with the definite third person marker of the appropriate rank, for example '''''nj-''''' means "we" in the sense of "he/they (dominant) and I". Second person plurals are similarly formed, with the exclusive 2nd person marker '''''vw-''''' used only for cases when every member of the group referred to is being addressed. Additional members of the group being referred to who are not being addressed will be indicated instead with a combination involving the appropriately ranked third person definite marker, such as '''''dw-''''' "you and he/they". Additionally, the marker '''''ndjw-''''' combines both first and second persons with the third person, A-ranked marker, thus referring to a large group of all grammatical persons and meaning roughly "we all", "people", "everyone" or "one".


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
The following table shows all personal markers.
|+ Compound (Plural) Personal Markers
 
|-  
{| class="wikitable"  
! Simple<br />Prefix !! Gloss !! + 1st<br />Person !! Gloss !! + 2nd<br />Person !! Gloss
|+ Simple and Compound Personal Markers
|-  
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! n-  
! colspan="3" | Simple Person Markers:
| 1-  
! colspan="3" | Compounded with 1:
! -
! colspan="3" | Compounded with 2:
| -
|- style="font-weight:bold;"
! nw-
| Marker
| 1+2-
| Gloss
|-  
| Translation
! w-  
| Marker
| 2-  
| Gloss
! nw-
| Translation
| 1+2
| Marker
! vw-
| Gloss
| 2+2-
| Translation
|-  
|- style="background-color:#c0c0c0;"
! dj-  
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#fffc9e;" | n-
| 3A-  
| style="background-color:#ffffc7;" | 1
! ndj-
| style="background-color:#ffffc7;" | "I"
| 1+3A-
|
! djw-
|
| 3A+2-
|
|-  
|
! j-  
|  
| 3B-  
|
! nj-
|- style="background-color:#ffffc7;"
| 1+3B-
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#fffc9e;" | w-
! jw-
| 2
| 3B+2-
| "you"
|-  
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#dae8fc;" | nw-
! d-  
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | 1+2
| 3C-  
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | "we", <br />"you and I"
! nd-
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#9698ed;" | vw-
| 1+3C-
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | 2+2
! dw-
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | "you <br />(all)"
| 3C+2-
|- style="background-color:#ffffc7;"
|-  
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#fffc9e;" | dj-
! l-  
| 3A
| 3D-  
| "he", "she", <br />"it", "they"
! nl-
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#dae8fc;" | ndj-
| 1+3D-
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | 1+3A
! lw-
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | "we",<br />"they and I"
| 3D+2-
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#9698ed;" | djw-
|-  
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | 3A+2
! t-  
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | "you (and <br />they)"
| 3E-  
|- style="background-color:#ffffc7;"
! nt-
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#fffc9e;" | j-
| 1+3E-
| 3B
! tw-
| "he", "she", <br />"it", "they"
| 3E+2-
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#dae8fc;" | nj-
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | 1+3B
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | "we", <br />"they and I"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#9698ed;" | jw-
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | 3B+2
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | "you (and <br />they)"
|- style="background-color:#ffffc7;"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#fffc9e;" | d-
| 3C
| "he", "she", <br />"it", "they"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#dae8fc;" | nd-
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | 1+3C
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | "we", <br />"they and I"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#9698ed;" | dw-
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | 3C+2
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | "you (and<br />they)"
|- style="background-color:#ffffc7;"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#fffc9e;" | l-
| 3D
| "he", "she", <br />"it", "they"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#dae8fc;" | nl-
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | 1+3D
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | "we", <br />"they and I"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#9698ed;" | lw-
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | 3D+2
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | "you (and<br />they)"
|- style="background-color:#ffffc7;"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#fffc9e;" | t-
| 3E
| "he", "she", <br />"it", "they"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#dae8fc;" | nt-
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | 1+3E
| style="background-color:#ecf4ff;" | "we", <br />"they and I"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#9698ed;" | tw-
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | 3E+2
| style="background-color:#cbcefb;" | "you (and<br />they)"
|- style="background-color:#c0c0c0;"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#fffc9e;" | ng-
| style="background-color:#ffffc7;" | SPEC
| style="background-color:#ffffc7;" | "something",<br />"someone"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- style="background-color:#c0c0c0;"
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#fffc9e;" | h-
| style="background-color:#ffffc7;" | NSPC
| style="background-color:#ffffc7;" | "anything",<br />"anyone"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="9" | Supercompound:
|-
| style="font-weight:bold; background-color:#fd6864;" | ndjw-
| style="background-color:#ffccc9;" | 1+3A+2
| colspan="7" style="background-color:#ffccc9;" | "we all", "everyone", "one", "people"
|}
|}
=====Rank=====
=====Rank=====
Third person definite referents are assigned a ''rank'' any time they are referred to. These ranks are not permanent attributes of the referents but are rather context-dependent assignments within a discourse that depends on the speaker's perceived and expressed relations between the referent and other third person referents. When a single 3rd person referent is mentioned, the rank depends only on the speaker's perception of the referent, however when there are two or more referents, ranks may be assigned that would otherwise not be used in order to differentiate between multiple referents within a discourse and express their ranks ''relative to one another.''
Third person definite referents are assigned a ''rank'' any time they are referred to. These ranks are not permanent attributes of the referents but are rather context-dependent assignments within a discourse that depends on the speaker's perceived and expressed relations between the referent and other third person referents. When a single 3rd person referent is mentioned, the rank depends only on the speaker's perception of the referent, however when there are two or more referents, ranks may be assigned that would otherwise not be used in order to differentiate between multiple referents within a discourse and express their ranks ''relative to one another.''
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A useful way to conceptualise the typical assignment of ranks is with the question "who would win in a physical fight"? Physically larger, stronger and more active referents are assigned a higher rank. The highest rank, A, the "noble" rank, indicated with the marker '''''dj-''''', is an exception, dependent not on physical strength but rather social, financial or political power. A referent marked with '''''dj-''''' is not necessarily physically dominant over other referents, but a conflict with an A-ranked individual could lead to more significant consequences for lower ranked referents than the physical prowess of the A-ranked referent alone would afford them.  
A useful way to conceptualise the typical assignment of ranks is with the question "who would win in a physical fight"? Physically larger, stronger and more active referents are assigned a higher rank. The highest rank, A, the "noble" rank, indicated with the marker '''''dj-''''', is an exception, dependent not on physical strength but rather social, financial or political power. A referent marked with '''''dj-''''' is not necessarily physically dominant over other referents, but a conflict with an A-ranked individual could lead to more significant consequences for lower ranked referents than the physical prowess of the A-ranked referent alone would afford them. "Weighty" abstract concepts may be referred to using '''''dj-''''' when there is no person in the discourse assigned to this rank. 




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[[Category:Languages]]
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[[Category:Conlangs]]
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