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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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* class IV (reduplicated athematic), similar to class I but with a reduplicated initial, such as most notably ''le-lú-mi'' "I give". | * class IV (reduplicated athematic), similar to class I but with a reduplicated initial, such as most notably ''le-lú-mi'' "I give". | ||
* class V (reduplicated thematic), similar to class II but with a reduplicated initial, e.g. ''si-syej-ámi'' "I hold". | * class V (reduplicated thematic), similar to class II but with a reduplicated initial, e.g. ''si-syej-ámi'' "I hold". | ||
( | * class VI (-númi verbs), adding ''-nú-'' in the singular or ''-nu-'' in the plural to the root. In Lifashian they were more commonly generalized than in other IE languages. Examples include ''istá-nú-mi'' "I raise", | ||
* class VII (-émi), the most regular formation, adds ''-é-'' to the root. An original primary formation (PIE *-é-ye-) is the second most common class, including common verbs such as e.g. ''pur-é-mi'' "I do, make", ''syál-é-mi'' "I fall", ''wil-é-mi'' "I see", ''far-é-mi'' "I tempt, allure, entice". | |||
* class VIII (-iyámi), a regular formation that adds ''-iy-'' to the root, from secondary PIE *-eye-. It includes many common verbs, and was analogically extended to form the past ''-iyam'' class, a Lifashian innovation. Class VII verbs include e.g. native ''pít-iy-ámi'' "I count, reckon" as well as various verbs formed from borrowed nominals such as ''bón-iy-ámi'' "I build", ''cóc-iy-ámi'' "I cradle", ''salát-iy-ámi'' "I pray". | |||
====Aorist and Perfect==== | |||
In Lifashian, the terms aorist and perfect are used for two (usually, but not always) synonymous forms, but they do not correspond to the PIE (or even Ancient Greek or Sanskrit) forms. In fact, the Lifashian aorist is the continuation of the PIE perfect, while the Lifashian perfect is a periphrastic form. | |||
The aorist is used only with a limited number of roots: most of them have a present meaning (as with the PIE stative), but some of them have shifted meaning and are purely past tense forms. There are two aorist classes: | |||
* class I (root), same as the corresponding PIE class, including inherited ''uyal-he'' "I know"; | |||
* class II (reduplicated), with a reduplicated initial, including the majority of aorists, e.g. ''ti-stá-he'' "I stand", ''le-lób-a'' "I love [a person]" | |||
Aorists have two sets of endings, diachronically derived from the same ones depending on whether the initial laryngeal is kept (cf. ''tistáhe'' (< *stestóh₂h₂e) and ''lelóba'' (< *lelobʰh₂e)). | |||
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