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Kirtumur verbs: Difference between revisions
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→Transitive verbs
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! 3An→4 | ! 3An→4 | ||
| ''-ē'' | | ''-ē'' | ||
! | ! 3In/4An→3 | ||
| ''- | | ''-ur'' | ||
! 3An→4 | ! 3An→4 | ||
| ''-ēki'' | | ''-ēki'' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
A number suffix, used for '''dual''' is ''-k'' and for '''plural''' it is ''-tu''. Only the subject can be marked for number and the noun in the dual or plural form will always be treated as a subject, unless specified otherwise: ''nenētu'' is "they see him/her", but ''nenurtu'' is "he/she sees them". | |||
===Modal Prefixes=== | |||
Kirtumur verbs often have a grammatical morpheme which in the relative order of verbal prefixes precedes other morphemes is a proclitic, called the modal prefix. They perform different roles, but usually expresses [[w:Modality (natural language)|modality]] or [[w:Contrast (linguistics)|contrast]]. If a verb phrase contains more than one verb, the proclitic will be used with the main verb. | |||
The first group of proclitics contains the temporal prefix ''u-'', which shows the sequence of actions. For example: ''Eišilel '''u'''nilatturtu wimmuk'' "She/He left '''after''' she/he has put them into a basket" (PAST-3Sg-leave REL-3Sg.Loc-put-INV.3Pl basket-Abs). The prefix ''ut-'' has the meaning of "while" or "during" but unlike the previous prefix, it can also be a separate word, especially in old texts. Most often it is used with non-finite verb forms: '''''ut'''tarca Iktarenen'' "'''during''' the celebration of the Ascending". | |||
The second group has no temporal meaning, but rather expresses various kinds of modality. The prefix ''ix(i)-'' express positive or negative wishes, commands, and assertions, for instance: '''''ix'''neithachan'' "You '''must''' give it back to him/her". It can often be used with the imperative. Another proclitic is ''ŋa-'' which either marks contrast, if two actions are different or has the meaning of "also": '''''ŋa'''khartiki'' "'''but''' I did not take it". In older texts, as well as in the noble speech the prefix ''nu-'' is often used as [[w:Hortative|hortative]], while in spoken Umunesal (the common speech) it is almost completely replaced by the optative, with the exception of some fossilised expressions: '''''nu'''lua'' "let’s go". | |||
===Locative prefixes=== | |||
The locative prefixes indicate a location or motion and precede indirect object prefixes and often occur word-initially, when a verb does not contain any proclitics. There are several locative or dimensional prefixes and they are different for every grammatical person (there is no animacy distinction in third person): | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Singular | |||
! Dual | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st person | |||
| ''zin-'' | |||
| ''win-'' | |||
| ''min-'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd person | |||
| ''ti-'' | |||
| ''tiu-'' | |||
| ''tin-'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd person | |||
| ''ni-'' | |||
| ''ri-'' | |||
| ''nin-'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Indirect object=== | |||
The indirect object is expressed with prefixes, which can be used with all verb types (for verbs, that cannot have a subject, this is the only way to show a grammatical person). In ditransitive verbs the indirect object marker serves a dative or, less commonly, instrumental role. Kirtumur indirect object prefixes are shown in the table below: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Singular | |||
! Dual | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st person | |||
| ''za-'' | |||
| ''zau-'' | |||
| ''me-'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd person | |||
| ''la-'' | |||
| ''lau-'' | |||
| ''le-'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3rdAn person | |||
| ''na-'' | |||
| ''nau-'' | |||
| ''ne-'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3rdIn person | |||
| ''ca-'' | |||
| ''cau-'' | |||
| ''ce-'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
The other set of indirect object markers are the [[w:Comitative case|comitative]] suffixes, which encodes a relationship of "accompaniment" between two participants in an event. Only animate participants can be marked with the comitative suffix, otherwise the indirect object prefix would be used. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! Singular | |||
! Dual | |||
! Plural | |||
|- | |||
! 1st person | |||
| ''-ta'' | |||
| ''-tak'' | |||
| ''-taphi'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2nd person | |||
| ''-tar'' | |||
| ''-tarak'' | |||
| ''-tarpi'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3rd person | |||
| ''-(e)nta'' | |||
| ''-(e)ntak'' | |||
| ''(e)ntaphi'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
The comitative suffixes are not used very often and only with animate nouns: ''neihaluis'''tar''''' "I will go there with you". Inanimate nous are instead marked as oblique objects: ''muŋis nini ixi'''ca'''lakte heim'' "The child ran out of the house '''with''' food" (food-Abs child-Abs 3Sg.And-'''3sg.IndObj'''-3sgSubj-run-PRF house-Abs). | |||
===Directional prefixes=== | |||
Two prefixes, used most commonly with verbs of motion are the [[w:Andative and venitive|andative]] prefix ''xi-'' and the [[w:Andative and venitive|venitive]] prefix ''ei-/i-''. In the general sense, the prefix "''ei''" shows movement towards the listener or the deictic centre and "''xi''" shows movement from or away from it: ''taukhiŋ '''lei'''hašalis'' "I will travel '''to you''' tomorrow" and '''''laxi'''šilais mu-ŋiarepike'' "I will leave '''(from) you''' now, since I don’t feel good". The andative is used less often, than the venitive and in some cases this prefix can be dropped, when the meaning of a phrase can be inferred from the context: ''lašilais'' ("about to leave you"). | |||
==Non-finite verb forms== | ==Non-finite verb forms== | ||
[[Category:Kyrdan]] | [[Category:Kyrdan]] | ||