Kirtumur verbs: Difference between revisions

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! 3An→4
! 3An→4
| ''-ē''
| ''-ē''
! 3In→4An
! 3In/4An→3
| ''-ra''
| ''-ur''
! 3An→4
! 3An→4
| ''-ēki''
| ''-ēki''
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A number suffix, used for '''dual''' is ''-k'' and for '''plural''' it is ''-tu''.
A number suffix, used for '''dual''' is ''-k'' and for '''plural''' it is ''-tu''. Only the subject can be marked for number and the noun in the dual or plural form will always be treated as a subject, unless specified otherwise: ''nenētu'' is "they see him/her", but ''nenurtu'' is "he/she sees them".
===Modal Prefixes===
Kirtumur verbs often have a grammatical morpheme which in the relative order of verbal prefixes precedes other morphemes is a proclitic, called the modal prefix. They perform different roles, but usually expresses [[w:Modality (natural language)|modality]] or [[w:Contrast (linguistics)|contrast]]. If a verb phrase contains more than one verb, the proclitic will be used with the main verb.
 
The first group of proclitics contains the temporal prefix ''u-'', which shows the sequence of actions. For example: ''Eišilel '''u'''nilatturtu wimmuk'' "She/He left '''after''' she/he has put them into a basket" (PAST-3Sg-leave REL-3Sg.Loc-put-INV.3Pl basket-Abs). The prefix ''ut-'' has the meaning of "while" or "during" but unlike the previous prefix, it can also be a separate word, especially in old texts. Most often it is used with non-finite verb forms: '''''ut'''tarca Iktarenen'' "'''during''' the celebration of the Ascending".
 
The second group has no temporal meaning, but rather expresses various kinds of modality. The prefix ''ix(i)-'' express positive or negative wishes, commands, and assertions, for instance: '''''ix'''neithachan'' "You '''must''' give it back to him/her". It can often be used with the imperative. Another proclitic is ''ŋa-'' which either marks contrast, if two actions are different or has the meaning of "also": '''''ŋa'''khartiki'' "'''but''' I did not take it". In older texts, as well as in the noble speech the prefix ''nu-'' is often used as [[w:Hortative|hortative]], while in spoken Umunesal (the common speech) it is almost completely replaced by the optative, with the exception of some fossilised expressions: '''''nu'''lua'' "let’s go".
===Locative prefixes===
The locative prefixes indicate a location or motion and precede indirect object prefixes and often occur word-initially, when a verb does not contain any proclitics. There are several locative or dimensional prefixes and they are different for every grammatical person (there is no animacy distinction in third person):
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1st person
| ''zin-''
| ''win-''
| ''min-''
|-
! 2nd person
| ''ti-''
| ''tiu-''
| ''tin-''
|-
! 3rd person
| ''ni-''
| ''ri-''
| ''nin-''
|-
|}
===Indirect object===
The indirect object is expressed with prefixes, which can be used with all verb types (for verbs, that cannot have a subject, this is the only way to show a grammatical person). In ditransitive verbs the indirect object marker serves a dative or, less commonly, instrumental role. Kirtumur indirect object prefixes are shown in the table below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1st person
| ''za-''
| ''zau-''
| ''me-''
|-
! 2nd person
| ''la-''
| ''lau-''
| ''le-''
|-
! 3rdAn person
| ''na-''
| ''nau-''
| ''ne-''
|-
! 3rdIn person
| ''ca-''
| ''cau-''
| ''ce-''
|-
|}
The other set of indirect object markers are the [[w:Comitative case|comitative]] suffixes, which encodes a relationship of "accompaniment" between two participants in an event. Only animate participants can be marked with the comitative suffix, otherwise the indirect object prefix would be used.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1st person
| ''-ta''
| ''-tak''
| ''-taphi''
|-
! 2nd person
| ''-tar''
| ''-tarak''
| ''-tarpi''
|-
! 3rd person
| ''-(e)nta''
| ''-(e)ntak''
| ''(e)ntaphi''
|-
|}
The comitative suffixes are not used very often and only with animate nouns: ''neihaluis'''tar''''' "I will go there with you". Inanimate nous are instead marked as oblique objects: ''muŋis nini ixi'''ca'''lakte heim'' "The child ran out of  the house '''with''' food" (food-Abs child-Abs 3Sg.And-'''3sg.IndObj'''-3sgSubj-run-PRF house-Abs).
===Directional prefixes===
Two prefixes, used most commonly with verbs of motion are the [[w:Andative and venitive|andative]] prefix ''xi-'' and the [[w:Andative and venitive|venitive]] prefix ''ei-/i-''. In the general sense, the prefix "''ei''" shows movement towards the listener or the deictic centre and "''xi''" shows movement from or away from it: ''taukhiŋ '''lei'''hašalis'' "I will travel '''to you''' tomorrow" and '''''laxi'''šilais mu-ŋiarepike'' "I will leave '''(from) you''' now, since I don’t feel good". The andative is used less often, than the venitive and in some cases this prefix can be dropped, when the meaning of a phrase can be inferred from the context: ''lašilais'' ("about to leave you").
 
==Non-finite verb forms==
==Non-finite verb forms==




[[Category:Kyrdan]]
[[Category:Kyrdan]]
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