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Kirtumur verbs: Difference between revisions
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==Non-finite verb forms== | ==Non-finite verb forms== | ||
Kirtumur has several [[w:Nonfinite verb|non-finite verb]] forms. As noted above, they cannot be the root of an independent clause. These forms are further divided into two classes: [[w:Infinitive|infinitives]] and [[w:Participle|participles]], although such a division is not clearly defined. | |||
===Participles=== | |||
Paticiples combine the characteristics and functions of both finite verbs and adjectives (which are non-finite stative verbs in Kirtumur). They are connected to certain grammatical tenses: there are present and past participles (future participles were present in the earliest varieties of Kirtumur, probably under the Kērsalur influence); and they also inflect for voice: active, middle, passive and antipassive. They are also exlusively deverbal, unlike adjectives. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2| Voice | |||
! colspan=2| Present | |||
! colspan=2| Past | |||
|- | |||
!{{small| (affirmative)}} | |||
!{{small| (negative)}} | |||
!{{small| (affirmative)}} | |||
!{{small| (negative)}} | |||
|- | |||
! Active | |||
| ''-in'' | |||
| ''-imi'' | |||
| ''-anu'' | |||
| ''-ōmu'' | |||
|- | |||
! Middle | |||
| ''-is'' | |||
| ''-isma'' | |||
| ''-ēs'' | |||
| ''-ēsma'' | |||
|- | |||
! Passive | |||
| ''-ēni'' | |||
| ''-ēmi'' | |||
| ''-auni'' | |||
| ''-eumi'' | |||
|- | |||
! Antipassive | |||
| ''-un'' | |||
| ''-uma'' | |||
| ''-ōn'' | |||
| ''-ōma'' | |||
|} | |||
The following examples illustrate how different participles are used: | |||
*''Eneni Wamešti '''ŋisin'''''.<br> "I saw Wameshti '''eating'''" (while she was eating). | |||
*''Heimax mauzenē '''curitēni'''''.<br> "There is a house, '''built''' on the mountain". | |||
*''Eneni namtal '''''tachatis'''''.<br> "I saw the door '''opening'''". | |||
*''Neizazal Wamešti wa '''nicatekun''' ŋaškin.<br>"He/She waits for Wameshti to '''pour''' water into a cup". | |||
In many cases participles can be substituted with infinitives without changing the general meaning. | |||
===Infinitives=== | |||
Kirtumur infinitives are very similar to pariciples, but differ from them morhologically, having different forms. They also encompass a broader variety of forms, including [[w:Stative verb|stative verbs]]. Infinitive phrases, unlike participle phrases, often have an implied grammatical subject making them effectively clauses rather than phrases. Their subject is in the absolutive or (more rarely) dative case: | |||
:{| | |||
|Urukum | |||
|mauzkannuex | |||
|namtartum | |||
|kupeita | |||
|... | |||
|- | |||
|Urukum | |||
|mauz-kan-nu-ex | |||
|namtartum-Ø | |||
|kup-a-ita | |||
|... | |||
|- | |||
|Urugumis | |||
|mountain-PL-3SG.POSS=DAT | |||
|border-ABS | |||
|stand-INF.IPFV-PL | |||
|... | |||
|- | |||
| colspan="5" | "The Urugumis Mountains mark the border". | |||
|} | |||
The Kirtumur infinitive has four tenses (imperfective, aorist, future and perfect). Unlike participles, infinitives have no voice distinction. They can often have adverbial meanings, for example: ''hul-kha'' "to do wrong (in a wrong way)". Infinitives are often used in declarative sentences, mostly in connexion with verbs of saying (''tuma'') or thinking (''hesa''), but also such verbs, as "hope" ''unkara'', "expect" ''pišša'': ''itum kina'' "he/she thinks he/she is correct"; in some idiomatic expression: ''neituma...'' "they say, that" (literally: "of it to say"), ''neišala...'' "I heard, that..." (lit: "of it to hear"). | |||
All types of Kirtumur infinitives are represented in the table below: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=2| Tense | |||
! colspan=2| Suffix | |||
! rowspan=2| Example | |||
! rowspan=2| Translation | |||
|- | |||
!{{small| (affirmative)}} | |||
!{{small| (negative)}} | |||
|- | |||
! Imperfective | |||
| ''-a'' | |||
| ''-akha'' | |||
| ''rira'' | |||
| "to write/to be writing" | |||
|- | |||
! Future | |||
| ''-eis'' | |||
| ''-eiska'' | |||
| ''rireis'' | |||
| "to be about to write" | |||
|- | |||
! Aorist | |||
| ''-ei'' | |||
| ''-eikha'' | |||
| ''rirei'' | |||
| "to write (once)" | |||
|- | |||
! Perfect | |||
| ''-tei'' | |||
| ''-teikha'' | |||
| ''rirtei'' | |||
| "to have written" | |||
|} | |||
The difference between the imperfective and the aorist infinitive is aspect or state of action. More specifically, the imperfective infinitive denotes the process or course of the state of an action or being, while the aorist infinitive marks the completion of the state of an action, expressing a well-defined or well-delineated state of an action or being. The future infinitive denotes events or states, that will occur soon, and the perfect infinitive shows an action or event as whole and complete. | |||
==Compound verbs== | ==Compound verbs== | ||
There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''huleilim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). A special case is the word ''kha'' "to make/ to do", which is used in a large amount of compounds, for example: ''hēlnim-khaē'' "she/he is casting a spell". In fact it is used so often, that it became a clitic in most componds: ''eixula'''kta''' "he/she has made an appearance". | There is a limited number of ways to make new verbs in Kirtumur. The most productive way is to combine existing words to make a compound with a different meaning. This process is called [[w:Compound (linguistics)|composition]], for example: ''hatallu'' "to come and go/to go back and forth" (lit. "come-walk"). Some of such compounds cannot be separated by any words or affixes, usually when two words belong to the same class, such as in the previous example, while other compounds act as separate words phonologically. Such compounds are called phrasal verbs: ''namšarkat kapa'' "to rob" (lit."to robbery commit"), ''huleilim kapa'' "to argue" (lit. "to arguing commit"), ''pēr šama'' "to decorate" (lit. "to hand touch"). A special case is the word ''kha'' "to make/ to do", which is used in a large amount of compounds, for example: ''hēlnim-khaē'' "she/he is casting a spell". In fact it is used so often, that it became a clitic in most componds: ''eixula'''kta''' "he/she has made an appearance". | ||