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Kirtumur verbs: Difference between revisions
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The first group of proclitics contains the dimensional prefix ''u-'', which shows the sequence of actions. For example: ''Eišilel '''u'''nilatturtu wimmuk'' "She/He left '''after''' she/he has put them into a basket" (PAST-3Sg-leave REL-3Sg.Loc-put-INV.3Pl basket-Abs). The prefix ''ut-'' has the meaning of "on" or "during" but unlike the previous prefix, it can also be a separate word, especially in old texts. Most often it is used with non-finite verb forms: '''''ut'''tarca Iktarenen'' "'''during''' the celebration of the Ascending". Another prefix, which belongs to this subgroup, is ''itu-'' ("by", "near", "around"): '''''itu'''iŋale Khekaltum'' "He/she is living '''near''' the city of Kigaldam". | The first group of proclitics contains the dimensional prefix ''u-'', which shows the sequence of actions. For example: ''Eišilel '''u'''nilatturtu wimmuk'' "She/He left '''after''' she/he has put them into a basket" (PAST-3Sg-leave REL-3Sg.Loc-put-INV.3Pl basket-Abs). The prefix ''ut-'' has the meaning of "on" or "during" but unlike the previous prefix, it can also be a separate word, especially in old texts. Most often it is used with non-finite verb forms: '''''ut'''tarca Iktarenen'' "'''during''' the celebration of the Ascending". Another prefix, which belongs to this subgroup, is ''itu-'' ("by", "near", "around"): '''''itu'''iŋale Khekaltum'' "He/she is living '''near''' the city of Kigaldam". | ||
The second group has no temporal meaning, but rather expresses various kinds of modality. The prefix ''ix(i)-'' express positive or negative wishes, commands, and assertions, for instance: '''''ix'''neithachan'' "You '''must''' give it back to him/her". It can often be used with the imperative. Another proclitic is ''ŋa-'' which either marks contrast, if two actions are different or has the meaning of "also": '''''ŋa'''khartiki'' "''' | The second group has no temporal meaning, but rather expresses various kinds of modality. The prefix ''ix(i)-'' express positive or negative wishes, commands, and assertions, for instance: '''''ix'''neithachan'' "You '''must''' give it back to him/her". It can often be used with the imperative. Another proclitic is ''ŋa-'' (and its negative counterpart ''ŋem-'' which either marks contrast, if two actions are different or has the meaning of "also": '''''ŋa'''khartiki'' "I did not take it '''either'''"; '''''ŋem'''kartiki'' "'''But indeed''' I did not take it". In older texts, as well as in the noble speech the prefix ''nu-'' is often used as [[w:Hortative|hortative]], while in spoken Umunesal (the common speech) it is almost completely replaced by the optative, with the exception of some fossilised expressions: '''''nu'''lua'' "let’s go". | ||
Finally, the third group contains the proclitic ''i-'', which marks a subordinate clause, which can be translated as "what..." or "when...", for example: '''''i-'''ōtumta kina'' "'''what''' you have said is true", where the proclitic marks the dependent clause "you have said". The same sentence can be without a dependent clause (using a participle instead): ''laxatumēni kina''. Both constructions are equally valid in Kirtumur, however in Umunesal phrases with dependent clauses are preferred. This clitic can also be used instead of the proclitic ''lē-''' "if", the same way as in Kērsalur, from which it was borrowed into Kirtumur instead of native ''lē-''. Another proclitic from this group is ''mu-'' "because": ''eneiyihes '''mu-'''wamitimeikha'' "He did not think about it '''because''' it was not possible". | |||
===Locative prefixes=== | ===Locative prefixes=== | ||