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Sceptrian (view source)

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==Basic Grammar==
==Basic Grammar==


Sceptrian is a fusional language with large morpheme per word ratio, but the morphemes themselves convey more information. The primary word order of the language is verb-agent-object while antipassive constructions use agent-verb(-object). Sceptrian has two numbers, three persons, three grammatical genders, seven declensions and nine inflectional cases with an absolutive-ergative morphosyntactic alignment. Verbs are conjugated for three tenses, additional aspects and various moods. These all will be discussed below.
Sceptrian is a fusional language with large morpheme per word ratio, but the morphemes themselves convey more information. The primary word order of the language is verb-agent-object while antipassive constructions use subject-verb(-object). Sceptrian has two numbers, three persons, three grammatical genders, seven declensions and nine inflectional cases with an absolutive-ergative morphosyntactic alignment. Verbs are conjugated for three tenses, additional aspects and various moods. These all will be discussed below.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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|   
|   
|  
|  
| '''ng'''<br />ŋ
| '''ng/ŋ'''<br />ŋ
|  
|  
|   
|   
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|-
|-
! style="" |Fricative
! style="" |Fricative
|  
| '''pf/ṕ'''<br />ɸ
| '''f v'''<br />f v
| '''f v'''<br />f v
| '''th dh'''<br />θ ð
| '''th/ŧ dh/đ'''<br />θ ð
| '''s z'''<br />s z
| '''s z'''<br />s z
| '''sh zh'''<br />ʃ ʒ
| '''sh/ś zh/ź'''<br />ʃ ʒ
|
| '''h'''<br />ç
| '''h'''<br />x
| '''h'''<br />x
| '''h'''<br />ç
| '''qh/ħ'''<br />χ
| '''h'''<br />h
| '''h'''<br />h
|-
|-
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| '''ts'''<br />t͡s  
| '''ts/c'''<br />t͡s  
| '''tsh'''<br />t͡ʃ
| '''tsh/č'''<br />t͡ʃ
|   
|   
|  
|  
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|  
|  
| '''tl dl'''<br />tˡ dˡ
| '''tl dl'''<br />tˡ dˡ
| '''l sl'''<br />l ɬ
| '''l sl/š'''<br />l ɬ
|  
|  
|   
|   
| '''kl gl'''<br />kˡ gˡ
| '''kl/ǩ gl/ǧ'''<br />kˡ gˡ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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*Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/.
*Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/.
*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/. With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/
*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/.  
*Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' /tiçtɔhnäx/
*With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/ or ''eŋŋe''.
**Western romanized texts from the first century of the seventh era use ''ǥ'' for word-initial /ŋ/.
*Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' /tiçtɔhnäx/  




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|-
|-
! style="" |Open-mid
! style="" |Open-mid
| '''é oe'''<br />ɛ œ  
| '''é oe/ø'''<br />ɛ œ  
|
|
| '''ó'''<br />ɔ
| '''ó'''<br />ɔ
|-
|-
! style="" |Near-open
! style="" |Near-open
|'''ae'''<br />æ
|'''ae/æ'''<br />æ
|
|
|
|
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Syllabic consonants:  
Syllabic consonants:  
/tl̩ɬ/, /θr̩n/
/tl̩ɬ/, /θr̩n/ /tr̩k/


==Orthography==
==Orthography==


Script from auman templar/jauhmö --> ligatures!  
Script from auman templar/jauhmö --> ligatures!  
Separate older compact letters as the old system... --> cleaner consonant table


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
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*Ergative (ERG): Agents of transitive verbs
*Ergative (ERG): Agents of transitive verbs
*Dative (DAT): Indirect object; alienable possession ''gat dothi'' (his house); comparison (with ADJ comparative)
*Dative (DAT): Indirect object; alienable possession ''gat dothi'' (his house); comparison (with ADJ comparative)
*Possessive (POS): Inalienable possession ''dhók dothor'' (his head)
*Possessive (POS): Inalienable possession ''dhóku dothor'' (his head)
*Instrumental-comitative (INS): Using something; with someone; in antipassive constructions
*Instrumental-comitative (INS): Using something; with someone; in antipassive constructions
*Lative (LAT): Movement to (+sublative (surface))
*Lative (LAT): Movement to (+sublative (surface))
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|-
|-
! style="width: 100px"| Absolutive
! style="width: 100px"| Absolutive
| A || Asl || i || F || (ə)lF || N || Ninl || u || ush || P || Pl || l
| A || Asl || i || F || (ə)lF || N || Ning || u || ush || P || Pl || l
|-  
|-  
! style=""| Ergative  
! style=""| Ergative  
| AA || AslA || ii || Fee || Fel || Neen || Nenl || uu || uush  || Pee || Ple || le
| AA || AslA || ii || Fee || Fel || Neen || Neng || uu || uush  || Pee || Ple || le
|-
|-
! style=""| Dative  
! style=""| Dative  
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|-
|-
! style=""| Possessive  
! style=""| Possessive  
| Ar || Aŕ || ir || For || Foŕ || Nor || Noŕ || ur || uŕ || -N || PoN || lon
| Ar || Aŕ || ir || For || Foŕ || Nor || Noŕ || ur || uŕ || -N || Pong || lon
|-
|-
! style=""| Instrumantal-comitative  
! style=""| Instrumantal-comitative  
| Ah || Ah || ish || Fos || Fosl || Nos || Nosh || uh || uh || Ph || Ph || -dh
| Ah || Ash || ish || Fos || Fosl || Nos || Nosh || uh || ush || Ph || Ps || -dh
|-
|-
! style=""| Lative  
! style=""| Lative  
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*''F'' marks fricatives ''f, s, sh'' and ''h''
*''F'' marks fricatives ''f, s, sh'' and ''h''
*''N'' marks nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng''
*''N'' marks nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng''
*''P'' marks plosives ''p, t'' and ''k''
*''P'' marks plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q''
**INS ending Ph will turn the plosive into corresponding fricative /ɸ, θ, x, χ/
*- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following
*- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following


'''Possessive affixes''' mingle with the cases
'''Possessive affixes''' mingle with the cases. Alienable vs. inalienable ''Dothee óntelon gat'''osh'''/vakuh'''ozho'''.'' (A man is watching his house/ his own hand.)




'''Emphasizing clitics''': Suffixes ''ma'' (for ABS) and ''noh'' (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the agent or the object: ''Ónzaitón dothee'''noh''' pof.'' (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. ''Ónzaitón dothee pof'''ma'''.'' (It is the feather that the man is lifting.). ''Ma'' is also used with verbs in antipassive constructions.
'''Emphasizing clitics''': Suffixes ''ma'' (for ABS) and ''noh'' (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the agent or the object: ''Ónzaitón dothee'''noh''' pof.'' (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. ''Ónzaitón dothee pof'''ma'''.'' (It is the feather that the man is lifting.). ''Ma'' is also used with verbs in antipassive constructions.


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
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}}  
}}  


Antipassive construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SVO, and the verb circumfix loses its former part and may receive the emphasizing clitic ''ma''.
Antipassive construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SV(O), and the verb circumfix loses its former part and may receive the emphasizing clitic ''ma''.
{{Gloss
{{Gloss
|phrase = Doth (ma)zaitón (pofos).
|phrase = Doth (ma)zaitón (pofos).
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*VAO usually, SV(O) in antipassive
*VAO usually, SV(O) in antipassive
*adjectives precede nouns while possessives follow
*adjectives precede nouns while possessives follow
==Lexicon==
*''éla'' day
*''iwa'' light
*''pof'' feather
*''doth'' man
*''vakuh'' hand
*''keslan'' blood
*''dhóku''
*''su'' it/he?
*''batop'' language
*''tip'' stick
*''mél'' water
*''tel'' see
*''bous'' go down
*''zait'' go up
Juhhmi
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