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Kirtumur nouns: Difference between revisions
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====Locative==== | ====Locative==== | ||
The locative case is used only in Umunesal and is marked by a clitic ''-nei''. Erepursal usually denotes location on the main verb only, except for some fixed idioms. The locative is almost exclusively found with placenames but may also occur with other nouns: ''Erepur'''enei''' eaŋale'' "I used to live in Erepur" (in Erepursal this phrase would be: ''Erepur iniaŋil''). in Umunesal this case marker is optional if the locative meaning is already expressed on the verb. The locative can also have the same uses as the local prefix ''ur-'' "on": ''Heimax mauz'''enē''' curitēni'' "There is a house, built on the mountain". | The locative case is used only in Umunesal and is marked by a clitic ''-nei''. Erepursal usually denotes location on the main verb only, except for some fixed idioms. The locative is almost exclusively found with placenames but may also occur with other nouns: ''Erepur'''enei''' eaŋale'' "I used to live in Erepur" (in Erepursal this phrase would be: ''Erepur iniaŋil''). in Umunesal this case marker is optional if the locative meaning is already expressed on the verb. The locative can also have the same uses as the local prefix ''ur-'' "on": ''Heimax mauz'''enē''' curitēni'' "There is a house, built on the mountain". | ||
====Other cases==== | |||
Erepursal has two additional cases which are not used in Umunesal and in most other Kirtumur dialects. The first case is the [[w:Vocative case|vocative]], which is used for a noun that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed. This case is marked with the clitic ''-ē'' and is still used by the Umu nobility occasionally: ''Ŋaškil'''ē''', kurōmet'' (Ngashkin, stay please"). The second is the terminative case, which is expressed with the enclitic case marker ''-(z)ur''. A noun phrase in the terminative case expresses a destination. This destination can be one in place or time (as a temporal limit), but it can also be more metaphorically a purpose. Even in Erepursal its usage is quite limited: ''par iyata hi Iškillu'''zur''''' "the road goes all the way to Iškillu"; ''nichyr yiranu khiŋ neinar ešne hōcutyn'''zur''''' (Erepursal: "at this time of the year a day lasts from four to eight o’clock"). Some fixed expressions can also be found in Umunesal, but the marker became fused to the stem: ''razur'' "forever" (lit: "until time"), šezur "for the third time". In Kērsalur the terminative case marker had a meaning of "changing into something", which was borrowed into Erepursal: ''yilōm ikhat khilōmzur'' "he/she made this sand into glass" (in Umunesal: ''yirixex eŋaram naxikhaē''). The terminative case can express a purpose or function. It can then be translated as "for" or | |||
"as": ''namkultuminzur niyilapeyan'' "put it here as an offering" (in Umunesal: ''nalapeya yim yinamaula''). | |||
===Reduplication=== | ===Reduplication=== | ||