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Tjoc (view source)

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Both ''gryllic'' and ''micel'' can be used to mean "very", ex.: ''tů jart gryllic'' / ''micel shen'' - You are very beautiful.
Both ''gryllic'' and ''micel'' can be used to mean "very", ex.: ''tů jart gryllic'' / ''micel shen'' - You are very beautiful.
==Verbs==
The verb in Tjoc has got six moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative, infinitive and participle; various tenses, such as present, past, future, and aspects represented by "tenses" such as present perfect, past perfect and future perfect.
Tjoc verbs inflect also according to person (1st, 2nd and 3rd) and number (singular and plural, for dual pronouns they are used the plural forms).
Verbs always follow the subject, because Tjoc is a SVO language, that is the subject precedes the verb and the verb precedes the object. In questions or in special constructions, the verb can precede the subject though, and the order becomes VSO.
===Present indicative===
The present of regular verbs is formed with the suffixes ''-e'' for the 1st person singular, ''-(e)t'' for the 2nd and the 3rd persons singular, and ''-a'' for the three plural persons. To avoid confusion, the subject is always expressed.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Lyrnan''' (to learn / to read)
!'''Wennan''' (to live)
!'''Lycan''' (to like)
|-
!'''y'''
|lyrn'''e'''
|wenn'''e'''
|lyc'''e'''
|-
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
|ljorn'''t'''
|wen'''t'''
|lyc'''et'''
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|lyrn'''a'''
|wenn'''a'''
|lyc'''a'''
|}
Present indicative is used to express actions that are happening in the moment or around the moment of speaking, to talk about actions that happen habitually, to talk about past actions when telling a story or talking about history to confere more dramatic power to what is being said, to talk about future events that are considered likely or sure, to express universal truths.
The verb ''lycan'' functions in a different way than in English, ex.:
* ''Tů lycet me'' - I like you.
The subject of this verb is the person/thing who/which is liked, whereas the person who likes is expressed in the dative case.
Here are some examples:
* ''Hwer wentů?'' - Where do you live?
* ''Y lyrne an bok'' - I study a book;
* ''Lycet het te?'' - Do you like it?
* ''Lyce y te?'' - Do you like me?
* ''Y wenne her'' - I live here;
* ''Hjo went jon'' - She lives over there.
Please note that when the verb precedes the 2nd person singular, the pronouns merges with the verb, ex.: ''ljornt tů'' > ''ljorntů''; ''went tů'' > ''wentů'', and so on.
====Present indicative of irregular verbs====
Some verbs are totally irregular, other partially: the most irregular verb of all is ''bjon'', "to be":
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Bjon'''
|-
!'''y'''
|jom
|-
!'''tů'''
|jart
|-
!'''he'''
|is
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|sinn
|}
Some examples:
* ''Hwå jartů?'' - Who are you?
* ''Hwå is he?'' - Who is he?
* ''Y jom an mann'' - I am a man;
* ''Tů jart an wyf'' - You are a woman;
* ''Hy sinn djor'' - They are animals.
=====Old verbs in ''-jan''=====
If one observes the conjugation of the verb ''lyrnan'', he will see that in the 2nd and the 3rd person singular the root undergoes a vowel change: ''-y-'' becomes ''-jo-''. This irregularity is found in all the so called '''-jan verbs''', that is verbs that had in Anglo-Saxon a conjugation with ''-i-'' in some endings and without it in others (such as the 2nd and the 3rd person singular of present indicative). This ''-i-'' has disappeared in the endings, but, before, has changed the root vowel; not all the vowels undergo this change though: only ''o'' and ''u'' / ''ů'' undergo this change and become respectively ''e'' and ''i'' / ''y'', the diphthong ''jo'' becomes ''y'' instead.
Here are the verbs ''lyrnan'', ''behewan'', "to be necessary", and ''kinnan'', "to experience":
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Lyrnan'''
!'''Behewan'''
!'''Kinnan'''
|-
!'''y'''
|lyrne
|behewe
|kinne
|-
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
|l'''jo'''rnt
|beh'''o'''ft
|k'''u'''nt
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|lyrna
|behewa
|kinna
|}
The answer to this irregularity comes from Old English:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Old English'''
!'''Tjoc'''
!'''Old English'''
!'''Tjoc'''
!'''Old English'''
!'''Tjoc'''
|-
!leorn'''i'''an
|l'''y'''rnan
!behōf'''i'''an
|beh'''e'''wan
!cunn'''i'''an
|k'''i'''nnan
|-
!leornaþ
|ljornt
!behōfaþ
|behoft
!cunnaþ
|kunt
|-
!leorn'''i'''aþ
|l'''y'''rna
!behōf'''i'''aþ
|beh'''e'''wa
!cunn'''i'''aþ
|k'''i'''nna
|}
When the root vowel is an 'a', an 'e' or an 'i', this vowel doesn't experience any change, in this case the 'j' appears in the endings of the 1st person singular, of the plurals and of the infinitive, but doesn't in those of the 2nd and the 3rd person singular. An example is the verb ''hatjan'', "to hate":
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Hatjan'''
|-
!'''y'''
|hat'''je'''
|-
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
|hå'''t''' (< hatt)
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|hat'''ja'''
|}
=====Present of "specialised verbs"=====
During the evolution from Anglo-Saxon, many verbs specialized their meaning, thus these verbs are called '''specialized verbs''' and they are all irregular verbs.
Here is the present indicative of the verbs ''knåwan'' and ''wytan'', both "to know", ''segan'' and ''hwetan'', both "to say", ''don'' and ''skån'', both "to do":
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Knåwan'''
!'''Wytan'''
!'''Segan'''
!'''Hwetan'''
!'''Don'''
!'''Skån'''
|-
!'''y'''
|knåwe
|wåt
|sege
|hwete
|do
|skå
|-
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
|knaut
|wåt
|sagt / såt
|hwet
|det
|skaft
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|knåwa
|wyton
|sega
|hweta
|do
|skå
|}
The verb ''knåwan'' means "to know someone", whereas ''wytan'' means "to know something". The verbs ''segan'' and ''hwetan'' are almost always interchangeable and mean "to say, to tell", the second is the most used though. ''Hwetan'' means also "to assert, to argue, to allude", while ''segan'' can mean also "to pronounce".
The form ''såt'' for ''sagt'' is mostly found in the spoken language.
''Don'' and ''skån'' both mean "to do", but they are different just like to do and to make in English. The verb ''skån'' means "to create material things", it is used in such expressions as: ''skån tat bed'', "to make the bed", ''skån an klåwje'', "to make a sandwich", but also ''skån se såmwys'', "to act dumb". ''Don'' refers to a mental or immaterial activity, such as ''don an enhwil'', "to do a research", ''don an skrůting'', "to do an exam", but also ''don an minid'', "to make a gesture".
Other specialized verbs are:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Åwan'''
!'''Håban'''
!'''Willan'''
!'''Mawan'''
!'''Kunnan'''
!'''Motan'''
|-
!'''y'''
|åg
|håbe
|will
|mag
|konn
|mot
|-
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
|åg
|haft
|wilt
|mag
|konn
|mot
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|åwon
|håba
|willa
|mawon
|kunnon
|moton
|}
Both ''åwan'' and ''håban'' mean "to have", but the former is used to mean "to owe" and indicates a rather material possession, even if it can be used also to indicate an immaterial possession, such as feelings, ideas, and so forth. Moreover ''åwan'' cannot ever be used as auxiliary verb. ''Håban'' indicates an immaterial possession, but it is not compulsory and it can indicate also a material possession, such as things, animals, etc. The greatest difference between ''åwan'' and ''håban'' is that the latter is the only one that can function as auxiliary.
''Willan'' and ''mawan'' both have the meaning of "to want, to desire", but the former is more peremptory in his meaning and has a nuance of pretension. ''Mawan'' is closer to the English to wish and is considered more polite. Note the expressions ''y will tek'', "I love you, I hanker after you" (it has a carnal nuance) and ''y mag tek'', "I like you, I heart you".
''Kunnan'' and ''motan'' are quite differentiated, because the former means "can, to be able to do something", and the latter means "to be allowed to do something, to have the permission to do something".
Two very important specialized verbs are ''gån'' and ''waran''. They both mean "to go", but the first is used when the act of going is done on foot; ''waran'' is used when the act of going is done by a mean of transport, such as bike, car, train, and so forth.
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Gån'''
!'''Waran'''
|-
!'''y'''
|gå
|ware
|-
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
|gåt
|wert
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|gå
|wara
|}
Ex.:
* ''Y gå to se lerstof by wet'' - I go to school on foot;
* ''Tů wert to se lerstof by twihwjol'' - You go to school by bike.
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