Tjoc: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 23:16, 18 November 2012

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→‎Present of "specialised verbs"
Line 1,668: Line 1,668:
* ''Y gå to se lerstof by wet'' - I go to school on foot;
* ''Y gå to se lerstof by wet'' - I go to school on foot;
* ''Tů wert to se lerstof by twihwjol'' - You go to school by bike.
* ''Tů wert to se lerstof by twihwjol'' - You go to school by bike.
===Past indicative===
This tense is used to talk about events that happened in the past and that are considered as totally concluded and irrelated to the present. Generally it is used with time adverbs that indicate this irrelation, such as ''jestrendag'', "yesterday", ''se late wuke'' / ''monat'' / ''jår'', "the last week / month / year", ''het skaft an wuke'' / ''monat'' / ''jår'', "a week / month / year ago", and so on.
The past indicative of regular verbs is formed with the suffixes -de for the singular persons and -don for the plural ones:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Lyrnan'''
!'''Wennan'''
!'''Lycan'''
|-
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
|ljorn'''de'''
|wen'''de'''
|lyc'''ede'''
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|ljorn'''don'''
|wen'''don'''
|lyc'''edon'''
|}
It is to be observed that regular verbs ending with a vowel and -c, -f, -p, -s, -t modify the desinence -de/-don into -te/-ton, ex.:
* Y brejte (= I change) > Y brejtte (= I changed).
====Past indicative of irregular verbs====
The verb ''bjon'' has got an irregular past:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Bjon'''
|-
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
|was
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|weron
|}
As it can be seen, the three persons singular of past tense have got the same root and the three persons plural have got another one. It is important to keep this in mind, because this is true for all the irregular verbs.
=====Past of ''-jan verbs''=====
As for the present, the "-jan verbs" show a modified vowel root in this tense. While in the present indicative only the 2nd and the 3rd singular person show this change, in the past indicative all the verbal voices show this mutation.
Here are the verbs ''lyrnan'', ''behewan'' and ''kinnan'':
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Lyrnan'''
!'''Behewan'''
!'''Kinnan'''
|-
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
|l'''jo'''rnde
|beh'''o'''fte
|k'''u'''nde
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|l'''jo'''rndon
|beh'''o'''fton
|k'''u'''ndon
|}
=====Past of specialized verbs=====
All the specialized verbs have an irregular past:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Knåwan'''
!'''Wytan'''
!'''Segan'''
!'''Hwetan'''
!'''Don'''
!'''Skån'''
|-
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
|knjow
|wisse
|sagde / såde
|hwat
|dide
|shof
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|knjowon
|wiston
|sagdon / sådon
|hwådon
|didon
|skowon
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Åwan'''
!'''Håban'''
!'''Willan'''
!'''Mawan'''
!'''Kunnan'''
!'''Motan'''
|-
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
|åte
|hafte
|wolle
|myte
|kůte
|moste
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|åton
|hafton
|wollon
|myton
|kůton
|moston
|}
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Gån'''
!'''Waran'''
|-
!'''y''' / '''tů''' / '''he'''
|jode
|wor
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|jodon
|woron
|}
=====Past of "strong verbs"=====
The specialized verbs are not the only irregular verbs, because there is another big group of verbs that have always an irregular past. This verbs are called "strong verbs" to be distinguished from the regular verbs, called also "weak verbs", and from the specialized verbs. Many strong verbs have got an irregular 2nd and 3rd person singular of present indicative.
These strong verbs can be divided into seven classes, with these root vowel changes:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Class'''
!'''Infinitive'''
!'''Present 2nd / 3rd p.s.'''
!'''Singular past form'''
!'''Plural past form'''
|-
!'''I'''
|y
|y
|å
|i
|-
!'''II'''
|jo / ů
|y / ů
|jå
|u
|-
!'''V'''
|e
|e
|a
|å
|-
!'''VI'''
|a
|e
|o
|o
|-
!'''VII'''
|vowel
|vowel
|e / jo
|e / jo
|}
In the first column can be seen the root vowel used in infinitive and in present indicative (except for 2nd and 3rd person singular); the second column refers to root vowel of the 2nd and the 3rd person singular of the present indicative; the third column refers to the root vowel of the 1st and 3rd person singular of the past, the fourth to the root vowel of the 2nd person singular and of the plural forms of the past.
Here are some examples of verbs of I, II, V, VI and VII class:
* ''I: bytan - byt - båt - biton'' (to bite - you bite - I bit - we bit);
* ''II: bjowan - byt - bjåg - buwon'' (to bid - you bid - I bade - we bade);
* ''V: jewan - jeft - jaf - jåwon'' (to give - you give - I gave - we gave);
* ''VI: waran - wert - wor - woron'' (to go - you go - I went - we went);
* ''VII: låtan - låt - let - leton'' (to let - you let - I let - we let).
The situation is more complicated for verbs of III and IV class.
The IV class has got the following options:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Subclass'''
!'''Infinitive'''
!'''Present 2nd / 3rd p.s.'''
!'''Singular past form'''
!'''Plural past form'''
|-
!'''IV a'''
|e
|i
|e / a
|e / å
|-
!'''IV b'''
|i
|i
|a
|o
|}
The first pattern is chosen with verbs whose root vowel is followed by an 'r' or 'l', the second one is used with verbs whose root vowel is followed by an 'm' or 'n', ex.:
* ''beran - birt - ber - beron'' (to bear - you bear - I bore - we bore);
* ''helan - hilt - hal - hålon'' (to hide - you hide - I hid - we hid);
* ''niman - nimt - nam - nomon'' (to take - you take - I took - we took).
The III class is the most complicated, because there are many patterns and these verbs have to be learnt by heart. However, the most spread patterns are:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Subclass'''
!'''Infinitive'''
!'''Present 2nd / 3rd p.s.'''
!'''Singular past form'''
!'''Plural past form'''
|-
!'''III a'''
|jo
|y
|ja
|u
|-
!'''III b'''
|e
|i
|ja
|u
|-
!'''III c'''
|i
|i
|o
|u
|}
Ex.:
* ''wjortan - wyrt - wjart - wurron'' (to become - you become - I became - we became);
* ''helpan - hilpt - hjalp - hulpon'' (to help - you help - I helped - we helped);
* ''drinkan - drinkt - dronk - drunkon'' (to drink - you drink - I drank - we drank).
===The "w-verbs"===
As it has been seen, the 1st person singular of the past indicative of the verb ''bjowan'' is ''y bjåg'' (and NOT **''y bjåf''), whereas the same person of the same tense of the verb ''jewan'' is ''y jaf'' (and NOT **''y jag'').
This is the particularity of the so called "w-verbs", that is verbs whose roots ends in '-w' in the infinitive form. If that 'w' will turn into an 'f' or into a 'g' depends on the verb itself. This particularity is found not only in the past tense, but also in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular of the present tense.
The following example shows the present of the verbs ''bjowan'', ''jewan'' and ''sywan'', "to fall down, to descend":
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Bjowan'''
!'''Jewan'''
!'''Sywan'''
|-
!'''y'''
|bjowe
|jewe
|sywe
|-
!'''tů''' / '''he'''
|byt (!)
|jeft (!)
|sygt (!)
|-
!'''we''' / '''je''' / '''hy'''
|bjowa
|jewa
|sywa
|}
These verbs show different mutations of 'w': it can disappear (''bjowan''), it can be replaced with 'f' (''jewan'') or it can be replaced with 'g' (''sywan''). The answer to these phenomenon is once again the Old English:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Old English'''
!'''Tjoc'''
!'''Old English'''
!'''Tjoc'''
!'''Old English'''
!'''Tjoc'''
|-
!'''bēode'''
|bjowe
!'''giefe'''
|jewe
!'''sīge'''
|sywe
|-
!'''bīett'''
|byt
!'''gieft'''
|jeft
!'''sīgt'''
|sygt
|-
!'''bēodaþ'''
|bjowa
!'''giefaþ'''
|jewa
!'''sīgaþ'''
|sywa
|}
As it has been shown, three letters - 'd', 'f', and 'g' - merged into Toc 'w' in intervocalic position, when the conjugation of the verb change this parameter, the letters evolve differently: the 'd' disappears in front of '-t' of the 2nd and the 3rd person singular; the 'f' remains 'f', and the 'g' remains 'g'.
Things change again in the past tense:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Old English'''
!'''Tjoc'''
!'''Old English'''
!'''Tjoc'''
!'''Old English'''
!'''Tjoc'''
|-
!'''bēad'''
|bjåg
!'''geaf'''
|jaf
!'''sāg'''
|såg
|-
!'''budon'''
|buwon
!'''gēafon'''
|jåwon
!'''sigon'''
|siwon
|}
While the change 'w' > 'f' has been preserved, the changes 'w' > 'd' and 'w' > 'g' have merged into the only change 'w' > 'g'. Probably this is due to misinterpretation.
Llyn
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