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Togarmite (view source)

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{{Ambox
| name  = construction
| subst = <includeonly>{{subst:substcheck}}</includeonly>
| small = {{{small|no}}}
| type  = notice
| image = [[File:cutting.png|65px]]
| sect  = {{{1|}}}
| issue = is a '''construction site'''. This project is currently undergoing significant construction and/or revamp. By all means, take a look around, thank you.
| talk  = {{{talk|}}}
| date  = {{{date|}}}
}}
:[[Togarmite/Lexicon]]
:[[Togarmite/Lexicon]]
:[[Togarmite/Swadesh list]]
:[[Togarmite/Swadesh list]]
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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|creator = Praimhín
|image =  
|image =  
|setting = [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]'s Levant, North Africa, Ethiopia, and Mexico
|setting = Irta
|nativename = Þėrmiþ
|nativename = yn Tėrmit
|pronunciation = /θermiθ/
|pronunciation = /ən thermith/
|region =  
|region =  
|states =  
|states =  
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}}
}}


'''Togarmite''' or '''Thermite''' (''Þėrmiþ'' /θermiθ/ or ''yn lysėn Þėrmi'') is a "[[:Category:Stem groups|stem]]-Canaanite" Semitic language. It is inspired by Hebrew, Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic), Greek and [https://www.veche.net/alashian Alashian], another stem-Canaanite conlang.
'''Togarmite''' or '''Thermite''' (''yn Tėrmit'' /ən thermith/ or ''yn lysėn Tėrmi'') is a Northwest Semitic language (as distant from Hebrew as Aramaic is). It is inspired by Hebrew, Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic), Greek, Welsh and [https://www.veche.net/alashian Alashian], a Semitic conlang.


Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]], but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring, taking features of the [[Verse:Lõis/Levantine sprachbund|Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund]], in common with [[L-Persian]], [[Padmanābha]] and [[Azalic/English|English]]:
Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of [[Togarmite/Old|Old Togarmite]], but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring:


*Grimm's law: The Old Togarmite aspirated stops ''φ θ χ'' (from Proto-Semitic *p t k) generally become spirants /f θ x/.
*loss of grammatical gender
*loss of grammatical gender
*loss of the passive binyanim
*loss of the passive binyanim
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs
*loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs (where they form the w-form); erosion of the prefix paradigm (used for the past tense, like the Hebrew waw-consecutive preterite) to the point where subject pronouns are required
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe
*the use of the ''w-form'' (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring [[Time Traveler English|English]] ''-ing'' < PIE *-nd-kwe
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs
*the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs


==Todo==
==Todo==
* Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans
* Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic
* Should be spoken in our Turkey?
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
*A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
*Gzarot
*Gzarot
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*Declensions
*Declensions
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
*Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
*A bit more arabic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Arabic direction
*A bit more Aramaic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Aramaic direction
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
*Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?
*Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: ''yn'' before proper names?
*Prepositional pronouns
*Prepositional pronouns
*more binyanim like ''syfȝel'', ''asøfȝel'', ''þasøfȝel'' and ''þystyfȝel''?
*more binyanim like ''syfȝel'', ''asøfȝel'', ''tasøfȝel'' and ''tystyfȝel''?
*Taxonomic names get calqued into Greek
*Taxonomic names get calqued into Greek
*CiCV:C > CyCVC, CaCV:C > CCVC
*CiCV:C > CyCVC, CaCV:C > CCVC


==History==
==History==
The Old Togarmite name for the language, ''Θėgarmīθ'', is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *''Tāgarma''. The name ''Togarmah'' from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people ''Θηγαρμικοί'' and ''Thegarmici'' respectively.) The name of the language shows the Togarmite shift of Proto-Semitic ''ā'' to ''ė'' /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' occuring in its close relative Hebrew.
The Old Togarmite name for the language, ''Θėgarmīθ'', is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *''Tāgarma''. The name ''Togarmah'' from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people ''Θηγαρμικοί'' and ''Thegarmici'' respectively.) The name of the language shows the Togarmite shift of Proto-Semitic ''ā'' to ''ė'' /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ''ā'' > ''ō'' occuring in Hebrew.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Togarmite has 24 consonants, 22 of them inherited from Proto-Semitic. It gained /p/ during the Old Togarmite stage by adapting loans from Greek, Aramaic and Persian, e.g. ''parkes'' 'to act', from Ancient Greek ''praxis''. It also merged Old Togarmite ''ħ'' /ħ/ and ''h'' /h/ into ''h'' /h/. /tʃ/ is found in more recent loans, mostly from Greek, Latin and English.
Togarmite has 26 consonants, 22 of them inherited from Proto-Semitic. It gained /p=/ during the Old Togarmite stage by adapting loans from Greek, Aramaic and Persian, e.g. ''barkes'' 'to act', from Ancient Greek ''praxis''. It also merged Old Togarmite ''ħ'' /ħ/ and ''h'' /h/ into ''h'' /h/, OTog ''č'' /tʃ/, ''ž'' and ''j'' into ''ž''.
*'''m n''' /m n/
*'''m n''' /m n/ (PSem *m *n)
*'''p t c č k ' ''' /p t ts tʃ k ʔ/
*'''b d g ' ''' /p=~b t=~d k=~g ʔ/ ((not in PSem) *T *q *2)
*'''b d g''' /b d g/
*'''t k''' /th kh/ (*t *k)
*'''f þ s š x h''' /f θ s ʃ x h/
*'''th ch''' /θ x/ (in Greek loans)
*'''w z ž ȝ''' /ʋ z ʒ (Philly L)/
*'''v ð γ''' /v ð γ/ (*b *d *g)
*'''l r j''' /l r j/
*'''f s š h''' /f s ʃ h/ (*p *s/*š *þ/*ś *h/*H/*x)
 
*'''z ž ȝ''' /z ʒ (Philly L)/ (*z *ð/*D/*Z *3/*ğ)
'''þ''' may be an unaspirated dental stop. '''d''' may be dental in some dialects.
*'''c č''' /ts= tʃ=/ (*S (not in PSem))
*'''w l r j''' /w l r j/ (*w *l *r *w-/*j)


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.
Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.


''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/
''a e ė i o ø u y'' /ɑ æ e i o ø u (ə)/


''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/
''ei au'' /ɛi ɔu/


Contrastive vowel length is present from elision of h in colloquial Togarmite: møtha:nan instead of møthyhanan
Contrastive vowel length is present from elision of h in colloquial Togarmite: ''møtyhanan'' = [mø'ta:nan] instead of /møtə'hanan/


===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress in native words is on the first syllable which has a vowel other than ''y''.
Stress in native words is similar to our Maltese.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
In addition to the Hebrew, Latin and Avestan alphabets, Togarmite uses an abugida (a form of cursive linear Hangul) based on the Phoenician alphabet, called ''yn albėþ'' (after the first 2 letters).
In addition to the Latin and Greek alphabets, Togarmite uses an abugida (a form of cursive linear Hangul) based on the Phoenician alphabet, called ''yn alvėt'' (after the first 2 letters).


The abjadi letter names:
The abjadi letter names:
''al, bėþ, gam, dal, hė, wau, zėn, žėn, tėþ, jød, xaf, lam, mėm, nun, ȝėn, fė, pė, cad, čad, køf, rėš, sin, šin, þau''
''al, vėt, γam, ðal, hė, wau, zėn, žėn, dėt, jøð, kaf, lam, mėm, nun, ȝėn, fė, bė, cað, čað, gøf, rėš, sin, šin, tau''


===Traditional Romanization===
===Traditional Romanization===
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==Dialects==
==Dialects==
===Ethiopian dialect===
===Ethiopian dialect===
some different vocab e.g. ''þėþ'' instead of ''wyhėb'' for 'give', ''døbrėn'' instead of ''þėma'' for 'topic'
some different vocab e.g. ''tėt'' instead of ''wyhėv'' for 'give', ''ðøvrėn'' instead of ''tėma'' for 'topic'


some words can have different meanings in Ethiopian and Levantine leading to some funny misunderstandings
some words can have different meanings in Ethiopian and Levantine leading to some funny misunderstandings
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ei au [ɒi ø:~øo]
ei au [ɒi ø:~øo]


a broad Ethiopian accent in Togarmite has random variation in some words like heno, šamo, šydo etc are pronounced hena, šama, šyda
a broad Ethiopian accent in Togarmite has random variation in some words like heno, šamo, šyðo etc are pronounced hena, šama, šyða


-an -> -en is common in a broad Ethiopian accent (darxan -> darxen); this should typically happen only with agentives, otherwise møsaxen / møsaxan would be mixed up (that would be one of the telltale signs of a non-Ethiopian faking an accent)
-an -> -en is common in a broad Ethiopian accent (ðarkan -> ðarken); this should typically happen only with agentives, otherwise møsaken / møsakan would be mixed up (that would be one of the telltale signs of a non-Ethiopian faking an accent)
</poem>
</poem>


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|-
|-
!|Nominative/Conjunctive
!|Nominative/Conjunctive
|''nėx''||''aþ''||''eþ''||''hu''||''hi''||''že''||''nan''||''aþøm''||''høm''
|''nėk''||''at''||''et''||''hu''||''hi''||''že''||''nan''||''atøm''||''høm''
|-
|-
!|Objective/Disjunctive
!|Objective/Disjunctive
|''þi''||''þax''||''þex''||''þau''||''þa''||''þež''||''þanė''||''þaxøm''||''þaum''
|''ti''||''tak''||''tek''||''tau''||''ta''||''tež''||''tanė''||''takøm''||''taum''
|-
|-
!|Possessive
!|Possessive
|''li''||''lax''||''lex''||''lau''||''la''||''lež''||''lanė''||''laxøm''||''laum''
|''li''||''lak''||''lek''||''lau''||''la''||''lež''||''lanė''||''lakøm''||''laum''
|-
|-
!|Reflexive/Intensive
!|Reflexive/Intensive
|''afi''||''afax''||''afex''||''afau''||''afa''||''afež''||''afnė''|| ''afxøm''||''afaum''
|''afi''||''afak''||''afek''||''afau''||''afa''||''afež''||''afnė''|| ''afkøm''||''afaum''
|}
|}
The plural pronouns ''aþøm'' and ''høm'' can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English ''they''.
The plural pronouns ''atøm'' and ''høm'' can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English ''they''.


===Demonstrative===
===Demonstrative===
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|-
|-
! this
! this
|colspan=3|''žinė'' (sg); ''elinė'' (pl) || ''hė'' || ''heno'' || ''me hė'' || ''ȝeþo''  
|colspan=3|''žinė'' (sg); ''elinė'' (pl) || ''hė'' || ''heno'' || ''me hė'' || ''ȝeto''  
|rowspan="2"| ''hėx''  
|rowspan="2"| ''hėk''  
|rowspan="2"| ''šøm''
|rowspan="2"| ''ež''
|rowspan="2"| ''xėrab''
|rowspan="2"| ''kėrav''
|-
|-
! that
! that
|colspan=3| ''ži'' (sg); ''eli'' (pl) || ''šam'' || ''šamo'' || ''me šam'' || ''ež''
|colspan=3| ''ži'' (sg); ''eli'' (pl) || ''šam'' || ''šamo'' || ''me šam'' || ''šøm''
|-
|-
! what
! what
| ''man'' || ''ma'' || ''ėjo'' || ''ein'' || ''eino'' || ''men ein'' || ''møran'' || ''xeix'' || ''maž'' ||''xma, marby''
| ''man'' || ''ma'' || ''ėjo'' || ''ein'' || ''eino'' || ''men ein'' || ''møran'' || ''keik'' || ''maž'' ||''kma, marvy''
|-
|-
! all; every
! all; every
| ''xølšar'' || ''xølbar; xøl'' || ''xøl'' || ''xølein'' || ''xøleino'' || ''me xølein'' || ''xølam'' || ''xøl ør'' || ''-'' || ''-''
| ''kølšar'' || ''kølvar; køl'' || ''køl'' || ''kølein'' || ''køleino'' || ''me kølein'' || ''kølam'' || ''køl ør'' || ''-'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! any
! any
| ''nuxšar'' || ''nuxbar'' || ''nux'' || ''nuxein'' || ''nuxeino'' || ''me nuxein'' || ''xølam''  
| ''nukšar'' || ''nukvar'' || ''nuk'' || ''nukein'' || ''nukeino'' || ''me nukein'' || ''kølam''  
|| ''nux ør'' || ''me nux sebt'' || ''-''
|| ''nuk ør'' || ''me nuk sevt'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! some
! some
| ''bilšar'' || ''bilbar'' || ''bil '' || ''bilein'' || ''bileino'' || ''me bilein'' || ''ly zman''; ''bil zman''  
| ''vilšar'' || ''vilvar'' || ''vil '' || ''vilein'' || ''vileino'' || ''me vilein'' || ''ly zman''; ''vil zman''  
|| ''bil ør'' || ''me bil sebt'' || ''-''
|| ''vil ør'' || ''me vil sevt'' || ''-''
|-
|-
! none
! none
| ''lėmšar'' || ''lėmbar'' || ''lėm'' || ''lėmein'' || ''lėmeino'' || ''me lėmein'' || ''lėfȝam''  
| ''lėmšar'' || ''lėmvar'' || ''lėm'' || ''lėmein'' || ''lėmeino'' || ''me lėmein'' || ''lėfȝam''  
|| ''lėm ør'' || ''me lėm sebt'' || ''-''
|| ''lėm ør'' || ''me lėm sevt'' || ''-''
|}
|}
Demonstratives come after nouns.
Demonstratives come after nouns.
*''beiþ žinė'' 'this house'
*''veit žinė'' 'this house'
*''kawi eli'' 'those lines'
*''gawi eli'' 'those lines'


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
In some ways declension has simplified: Like [[Cubrite]], Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. The construct state has been lost, and the Old Togarmite definite state ''ʔan-'' has been reanalyzed as a separate definite article ''yn''. ''Yn'' becomes ''ym'' before /m p b/.
In some ways declension has simplified: Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. The construct state has been lost, and the Old Togarmite definite state ''ʔan-'' has been reanalyzed as a separate definite article ''yn''. ''Yn'' becomes ''ym'' before /m f v p=/.


However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.
However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ ''xalb'' 'dog'
|+ ''kalv'' 'dog'
! || singular || plural  
! || singular || plural  
|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''xalb'' || ''xlab'''i'''''
| ''kalv'' || 'klav'''i'''''
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+''þėgami'' 'Togarmite'
|+''Tėrmi'' 'Togarmite'
! || singular || plural  
! || singular || plural  
|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''þėgam'''i''''' || ''þėgam'''in'''''
| ''Tėrm'''i''''' || ''Tėrm'''in'''''
|}
|}


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===Former feminines===
===Former feminines===
This class consists of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, which typically end in ''-t'' or ''-þ'' and take a plural in ''-ėþ'':
This class consists of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, which typically end in ''-t'' and take a plural in ''-ėt'':


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+''friþ'' 'fruit'
|+''frit'' 'fruit'
! || singular || plural  
! || singular || plural  
|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''friþ'' || ''frij'''ėþ'''''
| ''frit'' || ''frij'''ėt'''''
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+''galt'' 'door' (altered from *dalt)
|+''γalt'' 'door' (altered from *ðalt)
! || singular || plural  
! || singular || plural  
|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''galt'' || ''glat'''ėþ'''''
| ''γalt'' || ''γlat'''ėt'''''
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+''þyxþøbt'' 'document'
|+''tyktøvt'' 'document'
! || singular || plural  
! || singular || plural  
|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''þyxþøbt'' || ''þyxþøb'''ėþ'''''
| ''tyktøvt'' || ''tyktøv'''ėt'''''
|}
|}


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These are mainly Greek and Aramaic words.
These are mainly Greek and Aramaic words.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+''apoloža'' 'excuse (pretext)'
|+''aboloža'' 'excuse (pretext)'
! || singular || plural  
! || singular || plural  
|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''apolož'''a''''' || ''apolož'''es'''''
| ''abolož'''a''''' || ''abolož'''es'''''
|}
|}


Greek ending in ''-ma'' can have a plural in ''-mata'':
Greek ending in ''-ma'' can have a plural in ''-mada'':


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+''þėma'' 'topic'
|+''tėma'' 'topic'
! || singular || plural  
! || singular || plural  
|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''þėm'''a''''' || ''þėm'''es''''' / ''þėm'''ata'''''
| ''tėm'''a''''' || ''tėm'''es''''' / ''tėm'''ada'''''
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+''heta'' 'sin'
|+''heda'' 'sin'
! || singular || plural  
! || singular || plural  
|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''het'''a''''' || ''het'''es'''''
| ''hed'''a''''' || ''hed'''es'''''
|}
|}


=== Irregulars ===
=== Irregulars ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+''bennės'' 'human'
|+''vennės'' 'human'
! || singular || plural  
! || singular || plural  
|-
|-
! indefinite
! indefinite
| ''bennės'' || ''nės''
| ''vennės'' || ''nės''
|}
|}


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Adjectives do not decline.
Adjectives do not decline.
===Degree===
===Degree===
Adjectives have a comparative form in ''yn-/ym-'' and a superlative in ''xøl-'':
Adjectives have a comparative form in ''yn-/ym-'' and a superlative in ''køl-'':
*''yn-xbur'' = bigger
*''yn-kvur'' = bigger
*''xølxbur'' = biggest
*''kølkvur'' = biggest


A dedicated particle ''šøm'' (cognate to Arabic ''þumma'') is used for 'than'.
A dedicated particle ''šøm'' (cognate to Arabic ''þumma'') is used for 'than'.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
TODO: an n-stem binyan?
*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
*Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėx yxþøb'' 'I wrote', ''nėx lė xþøb'' 'I didn't write'.
**The ''y-'' prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: ''nėk yktøv'' 'I wrote', ''nėk lė ktøv'' 'I didn't write'.
*Present = from the bare w-form
*Present = from the bare w-form
*Imperative
*Imperative
**The imperative is negated with ''al'': ''Xþøb!'' 'write!', ''Al xþøb!'' 'don't write!'
**The imperative is negated with ''al'': ''Ktøv!'' 'write!', ''Al ktøv!'' 'don't write!'
*w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the ''f3øl'' binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
*w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the ''f3øl'' binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
*Infinitive
*Infinitive
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The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.
The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.
===Binyanim===
===Binyanim===
Modern Togarmite inherits all 8 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The ''þy-'' of Binyan 7 (''þyfaȝel'') verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however.
Modern Togarmite inherits all 8 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The ''ty-'' of Binyan 7 (''tyfaȝel'') verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however.
====Binyan 1: ''fȝøl''====
====Binyan 1: ''fȝøl''====
This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''xþøb'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''tȝam'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel.
This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''ktøv'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''dȝam'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''xþøb'' 'write'
|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''ktøv'' 'write'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 358: Line 349:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx yxþøb''
| ''nėk yktøv''
| ''aþ/eþ yxþøb''
| ''at/et yktøv''
| ''hu/hi xþøb''
| ''hu/hi ktøv''
| ''nan xþøb''
| ''nan ktøv''
| ''aþøm xþøb''
| ''atøm ktøv''
| ''høm xþøb''
| ''høm ktøv''
|-
|-
! past imperfective; past subjunctive
! past imperfective; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wyxþab''
| ''nėk fit wyktav''
| ''fit wyxþab''
| ''at/et fit wyktav''
| ''fė wyxþab''
| ''hu/hi fė wyktav''
| ''finė wyxþab''
| ''nan fu wyktav''
| ''fitøm wyxþab''
| ''atøm fu wyktav''
| ''fu wyxþab''
| ''høm fu wyktav''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx wyxþab''
| ''nėk wyktav''
| ''aþ/eþ wyxþab''
| ''at/et wyktav''
| ''hu/hi wyxþab''
| ''hu/hi wyktav''
| ''nan wyxþab''
| ''nan wyktav''
| ''aþøm wyxþab''
| ''atøm wyktav''
| ''høm wyxþab''
| ''høm wyktav''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx lu wyxþab''
| ''nėk lu wyktav''
| ''aþ/eþ lu wyxþab''
| ''at/et lu wyktav''
| ''hu/hi lu wyxþab''
| ''hu/hi lu wyktav''
| ''nan lu wyxþab''
| ''nan lu wyktav''
| ''aþøm lu wyxþab''
| ''atøm lu wyktav''
| ''høm lu wyxþab''
| ''høm lu wyktav''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx yxþøban''
| ''nėk yktøvan''
| ''aþ/eþ yxþøban''
| ''at/et yktøvan''
| ''hu/hi xþøban''
| ''hu/hi ktøvan''
| ''nan xþøban''
| ''nan ktøvan''
| ''aþøm xþøban''
| ''atøm ktøvan''
| ''høm xþøban''
| ''høm ktøvan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe xþėb''
| ''nėk bė ktėv''
| ''tėbe xþėb''
| ''at/et bė ktėv''
| ''jėbe xþėb''
| ''hu bė ktėv''
| ''nėbe xþėb''
| ''nan bė ktėv''
| ''tėbu xþėb''
| ''atøm bė ktėv''
| ''jėbu xþėb''
| ''høm bė ktėv''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li xþub''
| ''li ktuv''
| ''lax/lex xþub''
| ''lax/lex ktuv''
| ''lau/la xþub''
| ''lau/la ktuv''
| ''lanė xþub''
| ''lanė ktuv''
| ''laxøm xþub''
| ''laxøm ktuv''
| ''laum xþub''
| ''laum ktuv''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''xþøb!''
|colspan=6| ''ktøv!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''xėþeb''
|colspan=6| ''xėtev''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''xþub''
|colspan=6| ''ktuv''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyxþab''
|colspan=6| ''wyktav''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''xþėb''
|colspan=6| ''ktėv''
|}
|}


Line 440: Line 431:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx ynum''
| ''nėk ynum''
| ''aþ/eþ ynum''
| ''at/et ynum''
| ''hu/hi num''
| ''hu/hi num''
| ''nan num''
| ''nan num''
| ''aþøm num''
| ''atøm num''
| ''høm num''
| ''høm num''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wynaum''
| ''nėk fit wynaum''
| ''fit wynaum''
| ''at/et fit wynaum''
| ''fė wynaum''
| ''hu/hi fė wynaum''
| ''finė wynaum''
| ''nan fu wynaum''
| ''fitøm wynaum''
| ''atøm fu wynaum''
| ''fu wynaum''
| ''høm fu wynaum''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx wynaum''
| ''nėk wynaum''
| ''aþ/eþ wynaum''
| ''at/et wynaum''
| ''hu/hi wynaum''
| ''hu/hi wynaum''
| ''nan wynaum''
| ''nan wynaum''
| ''aþøm wynaum''
| ''atøm wynaum''
| ''høm wynaum''
| ''høm wynaum''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx lu wynaum''
| ''nėk lu wynaum''
| ''aþ/eþ lu wynaum''
| ''at/et lu wynaum''
| ''hu/hi lu wynaum''
| ''hu/hi lu wynaum''
| ''nan lu wynaum''
| ''nan lu wynaum''
| ''aþøm lu wynaum''
| ''atøm lu wynaum''
| ''høm lu wynaum''
| ''høm lu wynaum''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx ynuman''
| ''nėk ynuman''
| ''aþ/eþ ynuman''
| ''at/et ynuman''
| ''hu/hi numan''
| ''hu/hi numan''
| ''nan numan''
| ''nan numan''
| ''aþøm numan''
| ''atøm numan''
| ''høm numan''
| ''høm numan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe nwėm''
| ''nėk bė nwėm''
| ''tėbe nwėm''
| ''at/et bė nwėm''
| ''jėbe nwėm''
| ''hu/hi bė nwėm''
| ''nėbe nwėm''
| ''nan bė nwėm''
| ''tėbu nwėm''
| ''atøm bė nwėm''
| ''jėbu nwėm''
| ''høm bė nwėm''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
Line 514: Line 505:
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 2 conjugation: ''saxen'' 'inhabit'
|+ Binyan 2 conjugation: ''saken'' 'inhabit'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 524: Line 515:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx ysaxen''
| ''nėk ysaken''
| ''aþ/eþ ysaxen''
| ''at/et ysaken''
| ''hu/hi saxen''
| ''hu/hi saken''
| ''nan saxen''
| ''nan saken''
| ''aþøm saxen''
| ''atøm saken''
| ''høm saxen''
| ''høm saken''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wysaxen''
| ''nėk fit wysaken''
| ''fit wysaxen''
| ''at/et fit wysaken''
| ''fė wysaxen''
| ''hu/hi fė wysaken''
| ''finė wysaxen''
| ''nan fu wysaken''
| ''fitøm wysaxen''
| ''atøm fu wysaken''
| ''fu wysaxen''
| ''høm fu wysaken''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx ysxėxen''
| ''nėk wysaken''
| ''aþ/eþ ysxėxen''
| ''at/et wysaken''
| ''hu/hi sxėxen''
| ''hu/hi wysaken''
| ''nan sxėxen''
| ''nan wysaken''
| ''aþøm sxėxen''
| ''atøm wysaken''
| ''høm sxėxen''
| ''høm wysaken''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx še wysaxen''
| ''nėk lu wysaken''
| ''aþ/eþ še wysaxen''
| ''at/et lu wysaken''
| ''hu/hi še wysaxen''
| ''hu/hi lu wysaken''
| ''nan še wysaxen''
| ''nan lu wysaken''
| ''aþøm šu wysaxen''
| ''atøm lu wysaken''
| ''høm šu wysaxen''
| ''høm lu wysaken''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''ani ysaxenan''
| ''nėk ysakenan''
| ''aþ/eþ ysaxenan''
| ''at/et ysakenan''
| ''hu/hi saxenan''
| ''hu/hi sakenan''
| ''nan saxenan''
| ''nan sakenan''
| ''aþøm saxenan''
| ''atøm sakenan''
| ''høm saxenan''
| ''høm sakenan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe saxun''
| ''nėk bė sakun''
| ''tėbe saxun''
| ''at bė sakun''
| ''jėbe saxun''
| ''hu bė sakun''
| ''nėbe saxun''
| ''nan bė sakun''
| ''tėbu saxun''
| ''atøm bė sakun''
| ''jėbu saxun''
| ''høm bė sakun''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li møsaxan''
| ''li møsakan''
| ''lax/lex møsaxan''
| ''lax/lex møsakan''
| ''lau/la møsaxan''
| ''lau/la møsakan''
| ''lanė møsaxan''
| ''lanė møsakan''
| ''laxøm møsaxan''
| ''laxøm møsakan''
| ''laum møsaxan''
| ''laum møsakan''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''saxen!''
|colspan=6| ''saken!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møsaxen''
|colspan=6| ''møsaken''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møsaxan''
|colspan=6| ''møsakan''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wysaxen''
|colspan=6| ''wysaken''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''saxun''
|colspan=6| ''sakun''
|}
|}
For 4-letter verbs such as ''parkes'' 'to act', the present tense is formed with the stem ''-C₁C₂ėC₃eC₄'', like ''nėx yprėkes'' 'I act'.
 
==== Binyan 3: ''fėȝel'' ====
==== Binyan 3: ''fėȝel'' ====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''ðėver'' 'speak'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėk yðėver''
| ''at/et yðėver''
| ''hu/hi ðėver''
| ''nan ðėver''
| ''atøm ðėver''
| ''høm ðėver''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''nėk fit wyðėver''
| ''at/et fit wyðėver''
| ''hu/hi fė wyðėver''
| ''nan fu wyðėver''
| ''atøm fu wyðėver''
| ''høm fu wyðėver''
|-
! present
| ''nėk wyðėver''
| ''at/et wyðėver''
| ''hu/hi wyðėver''
| ''nan wyðėver''
| ''atøm wyðėver''
| ''høm wyðėver''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėk yðėveran''
| ''at/et yðėveran''
| ''hu/hi ðėveran''
| ''nan ðėveran''
| ''atøm ðėveran''
| ''høm ðėveran''
|-
! future
| ''nėk bė ðėvur''
| ''at bė ðėvur''
| ''hu bė ðėvur''
| ''nan bė ðėvur''
| ''atøm bė ðėvur''
| ''høm bė ðėvur''
|-
! perfect
| ''li møðėvar''
| ''lax/lex møðėvar''
| ''lau/la møðėvar''
| ''lanė møðėvar''
| ''laxøm møðėvar''
| ''laum møðėvar''
|-
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''ðėver!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''ðėveru!''
| ''-''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møðėver''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møðėvar''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyðėver''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''ðėvur''
|}
==== Binyan 4: ''afȝel'' ====
==== Binyan 4: ''afȝel'' ====
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic Š-stems thus corresponds to Hebrew hif3il and Arabic ʔaf3ala.
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic Š-stems thus corresponds to Hebrew hif3il and Arabic ʔaf3ala.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''ažxer'' 'remind'
|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''ažker'' 'remind'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 610: Line 680:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx ažxer''
| ''nėk ažker''
| ''aþ/eþ ažxer''
| ''at/et ažker''
| ''hu/hi ažxer''
| ''hu/hi ažker''
| ''nan ažxer''
| ''nan ažker''
| ''aþøm ažxer''
| ''atøm ažker''
| ''høm ažxer''
| ''høm ažker''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wažxer''
| ''fiti wažker''
| ''fit wažxer''
| ''fit wažker''
| ''fė wažxer''
| ''fė wažker''
| ''finė wažxer''
| ''finė wažker''
| ''fitøm wažxer''
| ''fitøm wažker''
| ''fu wažxer''
| ''fu wažker''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx ažėxer''
| ''nėk še wažker''
| ''aþ/eþ ažėxer''
| ''at/et še wažker''
| ''hu/hi ažėxer''
| ''hu/hi še wažker''
| ''nan ažėxer''
| ''nan še wažker''
| ''aþøm ažėxeru''
| ''atøm šu wažker''
| ''høm ažėxeru''
| ''høm šu wažker''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėx še wažxer''
| ''aþ/eþ še wažxer''
| ''hu/hi še wažxer''
| ''nan še wažxer''
| ''aþøm šu wažxer''
| ''høm šu wažxer''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx ažxeran''
| ''nėk ažkeran''
| ''aþ/eþ ažxeran''
| ''at/et ažkeran''
| ''hu/hi ažxeran''
| ''hu/hi ažkeran''
| ''nan ažxeran''
| ''nan ažkeran''
| ''aþøm ažxeran''
| ''atøm ažkeran''
| ''høm ažxeran''
| ''høm ažkeran''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe hažxur''
| ''nėk bė hažkur''
| ''tėbe hažxur''
| ''at bė hažkur''
| ''jėbe hažxur''
| ''hu bė hažkur''
| ''nėbe hažxur''
| ''nan bė hažkur''
| ''tėbu hažxur''
| ''atøm bė hažkur''
| ''jėbu hažxur''
| ''høm bė hažkur''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li mažxar''
| ''li mažkar''
| ''lax/lex mažxar''
| ''lax/lex mažkar''
| ''lau/la mažxar''
| ''lau/la mažkar''
| ''lanė mažxar''
| ''lanė mažkar''
| ''laxøm mažxar''
| ''laxøm mažkar''
| ''laum mažxar''
| ''laum mažkar''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6|''ažxer!''
|colspan=6|''ažker!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''mažxer''
|colspan=6| ''mažker''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''mažxar''
|colspan=6| ''mažkar''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wažxer''
|colspan=6| ''wažker''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''ažxur''
|colspan=6| ''ažkur''
|}
|}


====Binyan 5: ''yftyȝel''====
====Binyan 5: ''ftyȝel''====
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan ''hitpa33el'' and Arabic ''ifta3ala''. It is characterized by the þ- prefix that comes from the *t infix.
This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan ''hitpa33el'' and Arabic ''ifta3ala''. It is characterized by the t- prefix that comes from the *t infix.


Meanings:
Meanings:
Line 688: Line 750:
*reciprocal
*reciprocal


The prefix ''þ'' metathesizes with C1 when
The prefix ''t'' metathesizes with C1 when
*C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: ''þf þx þs þš þh þz þž þȝ'' > ''ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd''
*C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: ''tf tx ts tš th tz tž tȝ'' > ''ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd''
*C1 = d t þ: ''þd þt þþ'' > ''d t þ''
*C1 = ð d t: ''tð td tt'' > ''ð d t''


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 4 conjugation: ''hyþlymed'' 'find one's way around'
|+ Binyan 4 conjugation: ''tlymeð'' 'find one's way around'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 703: Line 765:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx yþlymed''
| ''nėk ytlymeð''
| ''aþ/eþ yþlymed''
| ''at/et ytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi þlymed''
| ''hu/hi tlymeð''
| ''nan þlymed''
| ''nan tlymeð''
| ''aþøm þlymed''
| ''atøm tlymeð''
| ''høm þlymed''
| ''høm tlymeð''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wyþlymed''
| ''fiti wytlymeð''
| ''fit wyþlymed''
| ''fit wytlymeð''
| ''fė wyþlymed''
| ''fė wytlymeð''
| ''finė wyþlymed''
| ''finė wytlymeð''
| ''fitøm wyþlymed''
| ''fitøm wytlymeð''
| ''fu wyþlymed''
| ''fu wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx yþlėmed''
| ''nėk ytlėmeð''
| ''aþ/eþ yþlėmed''
| ''at/et ytlėmeð''
| ''hu/hi þlėmed''
| ''hu/hi tlėmeð''
| ''nan þlėmed''
| ''nan tlėmeð''
| ''aþøm þlėmed''
| ''atøm tlėmeð''
| ''høm þlėmed''
| ''høm tlėmeð''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx še wyþlymed''
| ''nėk še wytlymeð''
| ''aþ/eþ še wyþlymed''
| ''at/et še wytlymeð''
| ''hu/hi še wyþlymed''
| ''hu/hi še wytlymeð''
| ''nan še wyþlymed''
| ''nan še wytlymeð''
| ''aþøm šu wyþlymed''
| ''atøm šu wytlymeð''
| ''høm šu wyþlymed''
| ''høm šu wytlymeð''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx yþlymedan''
| ''nėk ytlymeðan''
| ''aþ/eþ yþlymedan''
| ''at/et ytlymeðan''
| ''hu/hi þlymedan''
| ''hu/hi tlymeðan''
| ''nan þlymedan''
| ''nan tlymeðan''
| ''aþøm þlymedan''
| ''atøm tlymeðan''
| ''høm þlymedan''
| ''høm tlymeðan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe hyþlymud''
| ''nėk bė hytlymuð''
| ''tėbe hyþlymud''
| ''at bė hytlymuð''
| ''jėbe hyþlymud''
| ''hu bė hytlymuð''
| ''nėbe hyþlymud''
| ''nan bė hytlymuð''
| ''tėbu hyþlymud''
| ''atøm bė hytlymuð''
| ''jėbu hyþlymud''
| ''høm bė hytlymuð''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li møþlymad''
| ''li møtlymað''
| ''lax/lex møþlymad''
| ''lax/lex møtlymað''
| ''lau/la møþlymad''
| ''lau/la møtlymað''
| ''lanė møþlymad''
| ''lanė møtlymað''
| ''laxøm møþlymad''
| ''laxøm møtlymað''
| ''laum møþlymad''
| ''laum møtlymað''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6|''yþlymed!''
|colspan=6|''ytlymeð''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møþlymed''
|colspan=6| ''møtlymeð''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møþlymad''
|colspan=6| ''møtlymað''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyþlymėd''
|colspan=6| ''wytlymėð''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''hyþlymud''
|colspan=6| ''hytlymuð''
|}
|}


====Binyan 6: ''eþyfȝel''====
====Binyan 6: ''etyfȝel''====
This binyan comes from the Nt-stem, with the mediopassive n- marker and the reflexive/reciprocal t-marker: the stem comes from *intap3il. cf. Hebrew ''nitpa33el'', a variant of the ''hitpa33el'' binyan and the Arabic ''infa3ala'' binyan.
This binyan comes from the Nt-stem, with the mediopassive n- marker and the reflexive/reciprocal t-marker: the stem comes from *intap3il. cf. Hebrew ''nitpa33el'', a variant of the ''hitpa33el'' binyan and the Arabic ''infa3ala'' binyan.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 5 conjugation: ''eþygdel'' 'grow up'
|+ Binyan 5 conjugation: ''etyγðel'' 'grow up'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 788: Line 850:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx eþygdel''
| ''nėk etyγðel''
| ''aþ/eþ eþygdel''
| ''at/et etyγðel''
| ''hu/hi eþygdel''
| ''hu/hi etyγðel''
| ''nan eþygdel''
| ''nan etyγðel''
| ''aþøm eþygdel''
| ''atøm etyγðel''
| ''høm eþygdel''
| ''høm etyγðel''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti weþygdel''
| ''fiti wetyγðel''
| ''fit weþygdel''
| ''fit wetyγðel''
| ''fė weþygdel''
| ''fė wetyγðel''
| ''finė weþygdel''
| ''finė wetyγðel''
| ''fitøm weþygdel''
| ''fitøm wetyγðel''
| ''fu waþygdel''
| ''fu watyγðel''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx eþygėdel''
| ''nėk še wetyγðel''
| ''aþ/eþ eþygėdel''
| ''at/et še wetyγðel''
| ''hu/hi eþygėdel''
| ''hu/hi še wetyγðel''
| ''nan eþygėdel''
| ''nan še wetyγðel''
| ''aþøm eþygėdelu''
| ''atøm šu wetyγðel''
| ''høm eþygėdelu''
| ''høm šu wetyγðel''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėx še weþygdel''
| ''aþ/eþ še weþygdel''
| ''hu/hi še weþygdel''
| ''nan še weþygdel''
| ''aþøm šu weþygdel''
| ''høm šu weþygdel''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx eþygdelan''
| ''nėk etyγðelan''
| ''aþ/eþ eþygdelan''
| ''at/et etyγðelan''
| ''hu/hi eþygdelan''
| ''hu/hi etyγðelan''
| ''nan eþygdelan''
| ''nan etyγðelan''
| ''aþøm eþygdelan''
| ''atøm etyγðelan''
| ''høm eþygdelan''
| ''høm etyγðelan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe heþygdul''
| ''nėk bė hetyγðul''
| ''tėbe heþygdul''
| ''at bė hetyγðul''
| ''jėbe heþygdul''
| ''hu bė hetyγðul''
| ''nėbe heþygdul''
| ''nan bė hetyγðul''
| ''tėbu heþygdul''
| ''atøm bė hetyγðul''
| ''jėbu heþygdul''
| ''høm bė hetyγðul''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li meþygdal''
| ''li metyγðal''
| ''lax/lex meþygdal''
| ''lax/lex metyγðal''
| ''lau/la meþygdal''
| ''lau/la metyγðal''
| ''lanė meþygdal''
| ''lanė metyγðal''
| ''laxøm meþygdal''
| ''laxøm metyγðal''
| ''laum meþygdal''
| ''laum metyγðal''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''heþygdel!''
| ''hetyγðel!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''heþygdelu!''
| ''hetyγðelu!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''meþygdel''
|colspan=6| ''metyγðel''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''meþygdal''
|colspan=6| ''metyγðal''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''waþygdel''
|colspan=6| ''watyγðel''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''heþygdul''
|colspan=6| ''hetyγðul''
|}
|}


Line 867: Line 921:
This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan ''istaf3ala'' in Arabic and the very rare binyan ''hishtaf3el'' in Biblical Hebrew.  Binyan 7 tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.
This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan ''istaf3ala'' in Arabic and the very rare binyan ''hishtaf3el'' in Biblical Hebrew.  Binyan 7 tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 8 conjugation: ''stytȝem'' 'try out'
|+ Binyan 8 conjugation: ''stydȝem'' 'try out'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 877: Line 931:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx ystytȝem''
| ''nėk ystydȝem''
| ''aþ/eþ ystytȝem''
| ''at/et ystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi stytȝem''
| ''hu/hi stydȝem''
| ''nan stytȝem''
| ''nan stydȝem''
| ''aþøm stytȝem''
| ''atøm stydȝem''
| ''høm stytȝem''
| ''høm stydȝem''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wystytȝem''
| ''fiti wystydȝem''
| ''fit wystytȝem''
| ''fit wystydȝem''
| ''fė wystytȝem''
| ''fė wystydȝem''
| ''finė wystytȝem''
| ''finė wystydȝem''
| ''fitøm wystytȝem''
| ''fitøm wystydȝem''
| ''fu wystytȝem''
| ''fu wystydȝem''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx ystytėȝem''
| ''nėk ystytėȝem''
| ''aþ/eþ ystytėȝem''
| ''at/et ystytėȝem''
| ''hu/hi stytėȝem''
| ''hu/hi stytėȝem''
| ''nan stytėȝem''
| ''nan stytėȝem''
| ''aþøm stytėȝem''
| ''atøm stytėȝem''
| ''høm stytėȝem''
| ''høm stytėȝem''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx še wystytȝem''
| ''nėk še wystydȝem''
| ''aþ/eþ še wystytȝem''
| ''at/et še wystydȝem''
| ''hu/hi še wystytȝem''
| ''hu/hi še wystydȝem''
| ''nan še wystytȝem''
| ''nan še wystydȝem''
| ''aþøm šu wystytȝem''
| ''atøm šu wystydȝem''
| ''høm šu wystytȝem''
| ''høm šu wystydȝem''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx ystytȝeman''
| ''nėk ystydȝeman''
| ''aþ/eþ ystytȝeman''
| ''at/et ystydȝeman''
| ''hu/hi stytȝeman''
| ''hu/hi stydȝeman''
| ''nan stytȝeman''
| ''nan stydȝeman''
| ''aþøm stytȝemun''
| ''atøm stydȝemun''
| ''jystytȝemun''
| ''jystydȝemun''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe stytȝum''
| ''nėk bė stydȝum''
| ''tėbe stytȝum''
| ''at bė stydȝum''
| ''jėbe stytȝum''
| ''hu bė stydȝum''
| ''nėbe stytȝum''
| ''nan bė stydȝum''
| ''tėbu stytȝum''
| ''atøm bė stydȝum''
| ''jėbu stytȝum''
| ''høm bė stydȝum''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li møstytȝam''
| ''li møstydȝam''
| ''lax/lex møstytȝam''
| ''lax/lex møstydȝam''
| ''lau/la møstytȝam''
| ''lau/la møstydȝam''
| ''lanė møstytȝam''
| ''lanė møstydȝam''
| ''laxøm møstytȝam''
| ''laxøm møstydȝam''
| ''laum møstytȝam''
| ''laum møstydȝam''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''stytȝem!''
| ''stydȝem!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''-''
| ''stytȝemu!''
| ''stydȝemu!''
| ''-''
| ''-''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møstytȝem''
|colspan=6| ''møstydȝem''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møstytȝam''
|colspan=6| ''møstydȝam''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wystytȝem''
|colspan=6| ''wystydȝem''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''stytȝum''
|colspan=6| ''stydȝum''
|}
|}


Line 957: Line 1,011:


It is used for recent loan verbs like ''maksimezi'' 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:
It is used for recent loan verbs like ''maksimezi'' 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:
*''mydrasi'' 'to school' (from ''mydras'' 'school')
*''myðrasi'' 'to school' (from ''myðras'' 'school')
*''þaxili'' 'to consume' (from ''þaxil'' 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-x-l 'to eat')
*''takili'' 'to consume' (from ''takil'' 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-k-l 'to eat')
*''žaxoji'' 'to entitle, to allow' (from ''žaxo'' 'right')
*''žakoji'' 'to entitle, to allow' (from ''žako'' 'right')
*''ȝeini'' 'to eye' (from ''ȝein'' 'eye')
*''ȝeini'' 'to eye' (from ''ȝein'' 'eye')


The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.
The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.
*[STEM]-i = active
*[STEM]-i = active
*þy-[STEM]-i = re-
*ty-[STEM]-i = re-
*mø- = active participle
*mø- = active participle
*-ėþ = infinitive
*-ėt = infinitive
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Weak verb conjugation: ''mydrasi'' 'to school'
|+ Weak verb conjugation: ''myðrasi'' 'to school'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 978: Line 1,032:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx ymydrasi''
| ''nėk ymyðrasi''
| ''aþ/eþ ymydrasi''
| ''at/et ymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi mydrasi''
| ''hu/hi myðrasi''
| ''nan mydrasi''
| ''nan myðrasi''
| ''aþøm mydrasi''
| ''atøm myðrasi''
| ''høm mydrasi''
| ''høm myðrasi''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wymydrasi''
| ''fiti wymyðrasi''
| ''fit wymydrasi''
| ''fit wymyðrasi''
| ''fė wymydrasi''
| ''fė wymyðrasi''
| ''finė wymydrasi''
| ''finė wymyðrasi''
| ''fitøm wymydrasi''
| ''fitøm wymyðrasi''
| ''fu wymydrasi''
| ''fu wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx wymydrasi''
| ''nėk wymyðrasi''
| ''aþ/eþ wymydrasi''
| ''at/et wymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi wymydrasi''
| ''hu/hi wymyðrasi''
| ''nan wymydrasi''
| ''nan wymyðrasi''
| ''aþøm wymydrasi''
| ''atøm wymyðrasi''
| ''høm wymydrasi''
| ''høm wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx lu wymydrasi''
| ''nėk lu wymyðrasi''
| ''aþ/eþ lu wymydrasi''
| ''at/et lu wymyðrasi''
| ''hu/hi lu wymydrasi''
| ''hu/hi lu wymyðrasi''
| ''nan lu wymydrasi''
| ''nan lu wymyðrasi''
| ''aþøm lu wymydrasi''
| ''atøm lu wymyðrasi''
| ''høm lu wymydrasi''
| ''høm lu wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx ymydrasan''
| ''nėk ymyðrasan''
| ''aþ/eþ ymydrasan''
| ''at/et ymyðrasan''
| ''hu/hi mydrasan''
| ''hu/hi myðrasan''
| ''nan mydrasan''
| ''nan myðrasan''
| ''aþøm mydrasun''
| ''atøm myðrasun''
| ''høm mydrasun''
| ''høm myðrasun''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe mydrasėþ''
| ''nėk bė myðrasėt''
| ''tėbe mydrasėþ''
| ''at bė myðrasėt''
| ''jėbe mydrasėþ''
| ''hu bė myðrasėt''
| ''nėbu mydrasėþ''
| ''nėbu myðrasėt''
| ''tėbu mydrasėþ''
| ''atøm bė myðrasėt''
| ''jėbu mydrasėþ''
| ''høm bė myðrasėt''
|-
|-
! perfect
! perfect
| ''li mømydrasa''
| ''li mømyðrasa''
| ''lax/lex mømydrasa''
| ''lax/lex mømyðrasa''
| ''lau/la mømydrasa''
| ''lau/la mømyðrasa''
| ''lanė mømydrasa''
| ''lanė mømyðrasa''
| ''laxøm mømydrasa''
| ''laxøm mømyðrasa''
| ''laum mømydrasa''
| ''laum mømyðrasa''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
|colspan=6| ''mydrasi!''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasi!''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''mømydrasė''
|colspan=6| ''mømyðrasė''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''mydrasa''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasa''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wymydrasi''
|colspan=6| ''wymyðrasi''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''mydrasėþ''
|colspan=6| ''myðrasėt''
|}
|}


===''fe'' 'to be'===
===''fe'' 'to be'===
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it displays suppletion and it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''fe'' 'to be'
|+ ''fe'' 'to be'
Line 1,062: Line 1,116:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''fiti''
| ''nėk fit''
| ''fit''
| ''at fit''
| ''fė''
| ''hu fė''
| ''finė''
| ''nan fu''
| ''fitøm''
| ''atøm fu''
| ''fu''
| ''høm fu''
|-
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wyfė''
| ''nėk fit fė''
| ''fit wyfė''
| ''at fit fė''
| ''fė wyfė''
| ''hu fė fė''
| ''finė wyfė''
| ''nan fu fė''
| ''fitøm wyfė''
| ''atøm fu fė''
| ''fu wyfė''
| ''høm fu fė''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''(nėx)''  
| ''(nėk)''  
| ''(aþ/eþ)''  
| ''(at/et)''  
| ''(hu/hi)''  
| ''(hu/hi)''  
| ''(nan)''
| ''(nan)''
| ''(aþøm)''
| ''(atøm)''
| ''(høm)''
| ''(høm)''
|-
|-
! present progressive
! present progressive
| ''nėx lu 'fė''
| ''nėk lu fė''
| ''aþ/eþ lu 'fė''
| ''at/et lu fė''
| ''hu/hi lu 'fė''
| ''hu/hi lu fė''
| ''nan lu 'fė''
| ''nan lu fė''
| ''aþøm lu 'fė''
| ''atøm lu fė''
| ''høm lu 'fė''
| ''høm lu fė''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''yfijan''
| ''nėk yfijan''
| ''tyfijan''
| ''at yfijan''
| ''jyfijan''
| ''hu fijan''
| ''nyfijan''
| ''nan fijan''
| ''tyfijun''
| ''atøm fijan''
| ''jyfijun''
| ''høm fijan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe fėþ''
| ''nėk bė fėt''
| ''tėbe fėþ''
| ''at bė fėt''
| ''jėbe fėþ''
| ''hu bė fėt''
| ''nėbe fėþ''
| ''nan bė fėt''
| ''tėbu fėþ''
| ''atøm bė fėt''
| ''jėbu fėþ''
| ''høm bė fėt''
|-
|-
! imperative
! imperative
Line 1,119: Line 1,173:
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyfė''
|colspan=6| ''fė''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''fėþ''
|colspan=6| ''fėt''
|}
|}


===''xėl'' 'can'===
===''kėl'' 'can'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''xėl'' 'can'
|+ ''kėl'' 'can'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,137: Line 1,191:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx yxel''
| ''nėk ikel''
| ''aþ/eþ yxel''
| ''at/et ikel''
| ''hu/hi xel''
| ''hu/hi kel''
| ''nan xel''
| ''nan kel''
| ''aþøm xel''
| ''atøm kel''
| ''høm xel''
| ''høm kel''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''fiti wėxel''
| ''nėk fit wėkel''
| ''fit wėxel''
| ''at fit wėkel''
| ''fė wėxel''
| ''hu fė wėkel''
| ''finė wėxel''
| ''nan fu wėkel''
| ''fitøm wėxel''
| ''atøm fu wėkel''
| ''fu wėxel''
| ''høm fu wėkel''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx wėxel''
| ''nėk wėkel''
| ''aþ wėxel''
| ''at wėkel''
| ''hu wėxel''
| ''hu wėkel''
| ''nan wėxel''
| ''nan wėkel''
| ''aþøm wėxel''
| ''atøm wėkel''
| ''høm wėxel''
| ''høm wėkel''
|-
|-
! present subjunctive
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx yxelan''
| ''nėk ikelan''
| ''aþ/eþ yxelan''
| ''at/et ikelan''
| ''hu/hi xelan''
| ''hu/hi kelan''
| ''nan xelan''
| ''nan kelan''
| ''aþøm xelun''
| ''atøm kelan''
| ''høm xelun''
| ''høm kelan''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe xėl''
| ''nėk bė kėl''
| ''tėbe xėl''
| ''at bė kėl''
| ''jėbe xėl''
| ''hu bė kėl''
| ''nėbe xėl''
| ''nan bė kėl''
| ''tėbu xėl''
| ''atøm bė kėl''
| ''jėbu xėl''
| ''høm bė kėl''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
Line 1,180: Line 1,234:
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėxel''
|colspan=6| ''fuj wėkel''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wėxel''
|colspan=6| ''wėkel''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''xėl''
|colspan=6| ''kėl''
|}
|}


===''høbė'' 'should; ought'===
===''høvė'' 'should; ought'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''høba'' 'should; ought'
|+ ''høba'' 'should; ought'
Line 1,201: Line 1,255:
|-
|-
! past
! past
| ''fiti høbė''
| ''nėk fit høbė''
| ''fit høbė''
| ''at fit høbė''
| ''fė høbė''
| ''hu fė høbė''
| ''finė høbu''
| ''nan fu høbu''
| ''fitøm høbu''
| ''atøm fu høbu''
| ''fu høbu''
| ''høm fu høbu''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx høbė''
| ''nėk høbė''
| ''aþ/eþ høbė''
| ''at/et høbė''
| ''hu/hi høbė''
| ''hu/hi høbė''
| ''nan høbu''
| ''nan høbu''
| ''aþøm høbu''
| ''atøm høbu''
| ''høm høbu''
| ''høm høbu''
|}
|}


===''ryšė'' 'to like'===
===''ryžė'' 'to like'===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ ''ryšė'' 'to like'
|+ ''ryžė'' 'to like'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
Line 1,229: Line 1,283:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx yrši''
| ''nėk yrži''
| ''aþ yrši''
| ''at yrži''
| ''hu yrši''
| ''hu yrži''
| ''nan yršu''
| ''nan yržu''
| ''aþøm yršu''
| ''atøm yržu''
| ''høm yršu''
| ''høm yržu''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''hwiti wyrši''
| ''nėk fit wyrži''
| ''hwit wyrši''
| ''at fit wyrži''
| ''hwė wyrši''
| ''hu fė wyrži''
| ''hwinė wyrši''
| ''nan fu wyrži''
| ''hwitøm wyrši''
| ''atøm fu wyrži''
| ''hwu wyrši''
| ''høm fu wyrži''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx ryšė''
| ''nėk ryžė''
| ''aþ/eþ ryšė''
| ''at/et ryžė''
| ''hu/hi ryšė''
| ''hu/hi ryžė''
| ''nan ryšu''
| ''nan ryžu''
| ''aþøm ryšu''
| ''atøm ryžu''
| ''høm ryšu''
| ''høm ryžu''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe ryšėþ''
| ''nėk bė ryžėt''
| ''tėbe ryšėþ''
| ''at bė ryžėt''
| ''jėbe ryšėþ''
| ''hu bė ryžėt''
| ''nėbe ryšėþ''
| ''nan bė ryžėt''
| ''tėbu ryšėþ''
| ''atøm bė ryžėt''
| ''jėbu ryšėþ''
| ''høm bė ryžėt''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyrši''
|colspan=6| ''wyrži''
|-
|-
! active participle
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''rėši''
|colspan=6| ''rėži''
|-
|-
! passive participle
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''ryšuj''
|colspan=6| ''ryžuj''
|-
|-
! infinitive
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''ryšėþ''
|colspan=6| ''ryžėt''
|}
|}


Line 1,285: Line 1,339:
|-
|-
! past; conditional
! past; conditional
| ''nėx sør''
| ''nėk sør''
| ''aþ sør''
| ''at sør''
| ''hu sør''
| ''hu sør''
| ''nan sru''
| ''nan sru''
| ''aþøm sru''
| ''atøm sru''
| ''høm sru''
| ''høm sru''
|-
|-
! past subjunctive
! past subjunctive
| ''hwiti wasar''
| ''nėk fit wasar''
| ''hwit wasar''
| ''at fit wasar''
| ''hwė wasar''
| ''hu fė wasar''
| ''hwinė wasar''
| ''nan fu wasar''
| ''hwitøm wasar''
| ''atøm fu wasar''
| ''hwu wasar''
| ''høm fu wasar''
|-
|-
! present
! present
| ''nėx wasar''
| ''nėk wasar''
| ''aþ/eþ wasar''
| ''at/et wasar''
| ''hu/hi wasar''
| ''hu/hi wasar''
| ''nan wasar''
| ''nan wasar''
| ''aþøm wasar''
| ''atøm wasar''
| ''høm wasar''
| ''høm wasar''
|-
|-
! future
! future
| ''ėbe sėr''
| ''nėk bė sėr''
| ''tėbe sėr''
| ''at bė sėr''
| ''jėbe sėr''
| ''hu bė sėr''
| ''nėbe sėr''
| ''nan bė sėr''
| ''tėbu sėr''
| ''atøm bė sėr''
| ''jėbu sėr''
| ''høm bė sėr''
|-
|-
! w-form
! w-form
Line 1,328: Line 1,382:
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
|colspan=6| ''sėr''
|}
|}
=== The auxiliary ''vė'' ===
The defective auxiliary ''vė'' (inf. and w-form ''vė'', past and imperative ''vu'', passive participle ''vuj''; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing')  is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb ''werden''.
* ''Yn γalt lu vė fytuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
* ''Yn γalt vu fytuh'' = The door (was) opened
* ''Yn γalt lež vuj fytuh'' = The door has been opened
* ''Yn γalt fytuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
** ''vė'' is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are ''Yn γalt vė fytuh''.
* ''Dawid vė ftėh yn γalt'' = David will open the door


===Gzarot===
===Gzarot===
Line 1,341: Line 1,405:
Some prepositions:
Some prepositions:
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''
*''in'' 'in' [from PSem *ina], ''in yn'' > ''nyn''
*''ly'' (''l'' before V) 'of (possessive)'
** ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum
*''by'' (''b'' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
*''ly'' (''l' '' before V) 'of (possessive)'
*''šyde'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*''vy'' (''v' '' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
** vi, vak, vek, vau, va, vanė, vakøm, vaum
*''šyðe'' 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
*''me'' (''men'' before V) 'from'
** ''meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum''
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
*''ȝem'' 'with (comitative)'
*''ȝal'' 'on'
** ''3emi, 3emak, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum''
*''lid'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of')
*''ȝal'' 'on'; with definite article ''ȝlėn/ȝlėm''  
*''løb'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
** ''3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm''
**''Nėx wamen løb žinė'' - I believe in this
*''lið'' 'to' (from ''*la-yad'' 'to the hand of')
*''ȝbar'' 'over'
*''løv'' 'into, in' (from ''*la-libb'')
*''þaþ'' 'under'
**''Nėk wamen løv žinė'' - I believe in this
*''arþo'' 'down' (from *ʔarþ-ah "earthward")
**''Hu tyhev løva'' - He fell in love with her
*''darxyn'' 'along'
*''ȝvar'' 'over'
*''tat'' 'under'
*''aržo'' 'down' (from *ʔarč̣-ah "earthward")
*''ðarkyn'' 'along'
*''vlėš'' 'without'
===Syntax of prepositions===
===Syntax of prepositions===


Line 1,360: Line 1,431:
<poem>
<poem>
0: cefry
0: cefry
1: had
1: hað
2: šnein / attributive šnė
2: šnein / attributive šnė
3: šlėš (animate šlėšt)
3: šlėš (animate šlėšt)
4: yrbaȝ (animate yrbaȝt)
4: yrvaȝ (animate yrvaȝt)
5: hymes (animate hymest)
5: mes (animate mest)
6: setš (animate setšt)
6: setš (animate setšt)
7: sabȝy (animate sabȝyt)
7: savȝy (animate savȝyt)
8: šmėni (animate šmėnt)
8: šmėni (animate šmėnt)
9: þesȝy (animate þesȝyt)
9: tesȝy (animate tesȝyt)
10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt)
10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt)
11: ȝašry w-yhad
11: ȝašry wy hað
12: ȝašry šnein
12: ȝašry šnein
20: ȝešrin
20: ȝešrin
30: šlėšin
30: šlėšin
40: yrbȝin
40: yrvȝin
50: hymsin
50: hymsin
60: setšin
60: setšin
70: sybȝin
70: syvȝin
80: šmėnin
80: šmėnin
90: þesȝin
90: tesȝin
100: meþ
100: met
101: meþ wy had
101: met wy hað
200: meþein
200: metein
300: šlėš meþ
300: šlėš met
400: yrbaȝ meþ
400: yrvaȝ met
1000: alf
1000: alf
2000: alfein
2000: alfein
3000: šlėš alf
3000: šlėš alf
1000000: alfun
1000000: alfun
10^9: bėþfun
10^9: vėtfun
10^12: gamfun
10^12: γamfun
etc.
etc.
</poem>
</poem>
Line 1,396: Line 1,467:
Plural numerals usually take plural nouns. They used to take singular nouns, however this is considered archaic.
Plural numerals usually take plural nouns. They used to take singular nouns, however this is considered archaic.


Numbers ending in digits "3" through "9" (thus ending in ''šlėš'' through ''þesȝy''), or "10" (thus ending in ''ȝašry''), have two forms depending on the animacy of the noun: ''hymes myrþemi'' 'five abacuses', but ''hymest ahwėþ'' 'five sisters'. The animate forms come from the masculine forms (reverse polarity) marked with ''*-t'' in Proto-Semitic.
Numbers ending in digits "3" through "9" (thus ending in ''šlėš'' through ''tesȝy''), or "10" (thus ending in ''ȝašry''), have two forms depending on the animacy of the noun: ''hymes myrtemi'' 'five abacuses', but ''hymest ahwėt'' 'five sisters'. The animate forms come from the masculine forms (reverse polarity) marked with ''*-t'' in Proto-Semitic.


===Ordinal===
===Ordinal===
Line 1,402: Line 1,473:


*1st = olė
*1st = olė
*2nd = okab
*2nd = ogav
*3rd = šluš
*3rd = šluš
*4th = rbuȝ
*4th = rvuȝ
*5th = hmus
*5th = mus
*6th = stuš
*6th = stuš
*7th = sbuȝ
*7th = svuȝ
*8th = smun
*8th = smun
*9th = þsuȝ
*9th = tsuȝ
*10th = ȝšur
*10th = ȝšur
*11th = ȝašry w-olė
*11th = ȝašry w-olė
*12th = ȝašry w-okab
*12th = ȝašry w-ogav
*13th = ȝašry šluš
*13th = ȝašry šluš
etc.
etc.


===Fractional===
===Fractional===
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhdy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form ''øhðy'' is used for numerals ending in "1".
*half = gøb (from *gunb- 'side')
*half = γøv (from *gunb- 'side')
*3rd = šølšy
*3rd = šølšy
*4th = røbȝy
*4th = røvȝy
*11th = ȝašry w-øhdy
*11th = ȝašry w-øhðy


To express "m/n", Togarmite uses "m nths": "2/3" is ''šnė šølaši''.
To express "m/n", Togarmite uses "m nths": "2/3" is ''šnė šølaši''.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
=== Stative and dynamic passive ===
The defective auxiliary ''bė'' (inf. and w-form ''bė'', past/imperative ''bu''; related to Hebrew בא 'to come')  is used to form dynamic passives.
* ''Yn galt bė fyþuh'' = The door is opening (being opened)
* ''Yn galt bu fyþuh'' = The door (was) opened
* ''Yn galt fyþuh'' = The door is open (lit. opened)
===Faulty accusative marker===
===Faulty accusative marker===
The faulty accusative marker ''iþ'' is used. It behaves like the MSA accusative case and the Welsh soft mutation for direct objects: when there is a constituent separating the verb or predicate from a second constituent, ''iþ'' comes between the two constituents regardless of whether the second constituent is actually a direct object. Example:
The faulty accusative marker ''it'' is used. It behaves like the MSA accusative case and the Welsh soft mutation for direct objects: when there is a constituent separating the verb or predicate from a second constituent, ''it'' comes between the two constituents regardless of whether the second constituent is actually a direct object. Example:


*''Halex wyfė li '''iþ''' šlėšt xlabi, wy ȝeþo lėš li '''iþ''' nux.'' = I used to have three dogs, and now I don't have any.
*''Halek wyfė li '''it''' šlėšt klavi, wy ȝeto lėš li '''it''' nuk.'' = I used to have three dogs, and now I don't have any.
*''Yn dėrest li ryšė li '''iþ''' ȝyšėþ rab þamuni beiþ.'' = My teacher wants me to do a lot of homework.
*''Yn ðėrest li ryšė li '''it''' ȝyšėt rab tamuni veit.'' = My teacher wants me to do a lot of homework.


===Questions===
===Questions===
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===Existentials===
===Existentials===
The word ''iš'' is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ''ly'' 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of ''iš'' is ''lėš''.
The word ''iš'' is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ''ly'' 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of ''iš'' is ''lėš''.
*''Lėš mykėm ėn xølšar nyȝum.'' = There is no place where everyone is happy.
*''Lėš mygėm ėn kølšar nyȝum.'' = There is no place where everyone is happy.
*''Ha iš lex zman?'' = Do you (f. sg.) have time?
*''Ha iš lek ša3t?'' = Do you (f. sg.) have time?


===Conditional clauses===
=== Clauses ===
*"if" = ''em''
*"if" = ''em''
*"then" = ''ež''
*"then" = ''šøm''
*"though" = ''ak'', ''kenak''


===Relative clauses===
===Relative clauses===
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For relative clauses whose heads are prepositional objects in the relative clause, there are three strategies:
For relative clauses whose heads are prepositional objects in the relative clause, there are three strategies:


*the relativizer is treated as a resumptive pronoun which takes the preposition, like English ''which'': ''yn gabry lid žė nėx ohab ym mauhab'', lit. 'the man to which I gave the gift'. This syntax arose from the influence of surrounding languages like English.
*the relativizer is treated as a resumptive pronoun which takes the preposition, like English ''which'': ''yn γavry lið žė nėk ohav ym mauhav'', lit. 'the man to which I gave the gift'. This syntax arose from the influence of surrounding languages like English.
*the preposition goes to the end of the clause: ''yn gabry žė nėx ohab ym mauhab lid'' lit. 'the man which I gave the gift to'. This syntax arose from the native Semitic construction which used a resumptive pronoun on the preposition: after the resumptive pronoun lost the stress, the preposition lost its pronominal suffix and moved to the end of the clause.
*the preposition goes to the end of the clause: ''yn γavry žė nėk ohav ym mauhav lið'' lit. 'the man which I gave the gift to'. This syntax arose from the native Semitic construction which used a resumptive pronoun on the preposition: after the resumptive pronoun lost the stress, the preposition lost its pronominal suffix and moved to the end of the clause.
*A combination of both strategies can be used: ''yn gabry lid žė nėx ohab ym mauhab lid'', lit. 'The man to which I gave the gift to'. This is the most common strategy with the other two considered archaic.
*A combination of both strategies can be used: ''yn γavry lið žė nėk ohav ym mauhav lið'', lit. 'The man to which I gave the gift to'. This is the most common strategy with the other two considered archaic.


==Derivation==
==Derivation==
===Noun and adjective patterns===
===Noun and adjective patterns===
*''CaCCy(þ), CeCCy(þ), CøCCy(þ)'' = segolates
*''CaCCy(t), CeCCy(t), CøCCy(t)'' = segolates
*''CyCiC'' = adjective; -able
*''CyCiC'' = adjective; -able
*''CyCuC'' = adjective; color
*''CyCuC'' = adjective; color
Line 1,474: Line 1,539:
*''myCCeC(t)'' = instrument
*''myCCeC(t)'' = instrument
*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''  
*''maCCeCt'' = causative version of ''myCCeC(t)''  
*''þyCCuC'', ''þyCCiC'', ''þyCCėC'' = action or process
*''tyCCuC'', ''tyCCiC'', ''tyCCėC'' = action or process
*''þyCCøCt'' (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''ryCCøCt'' (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
*''CaCėC'' = agentive
** ''xaþėb'' 'writer'
** ''katėv'' 'writer'
*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive
*''CaCCan'' = agentive; ''-an'' is an agentive
** ''lamsan'' 'philanthropist' (''felanþrøp'' is also common)
** ''lamsan'' 'philanthropist' (''felantrøb'' is also common)
*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative
*''CaCCėn'', ''CeCCėn'', and ''CøCCėn'' = nouns, often an augmentative


Line 1,486: Line 1,551:
*''-in'' = collectives
*''-in'' = collectives
**''lamusin'' 'charity'
**''lamusin'' 'charity'
*''-uþ'' = abstract noun
*''-ut'' = abstract noun
*''-i'' = forms adjectives
*''-i'' = forms adjectives
*''-iþ'' = forms adverbs
*''-it'' = forms adverbs
*''i-'' = non-, un-
*''i-'' = non-, un-
**''ibyšari'' 'incorporeal'
**''ivyšari'' 'incorporeal'
**''iwøxli'' 'impossible'
**''iwøxli'' 'impossible'
*''-yr'' = someone who is characterized by X (from English)
*''-yr'' = someone who is characterized by X (from English)
**''wduȝyr'' 'know-it-all', from ''wduȝ'' 'knowledgeable'
**''iðuȝyr'' 'know-it-all', from ''iduȝ'' 'knowledgeable'
*''-ri'' = -ry (from English)
*''-ri'' = -ry (from English)
**''kdėsri'' = sanctimoniousness, from ''kdės'' '(archaic) holy'
**''gðėsri'' = sanctimoniousness, from ''gðės'' '(archaic) holy'
**''xal'anri'' = double standard or hypocrisy, from the agentive ''xal'an'' 'hypocrite' of √''x-l-ʔ'' 'double'
**''kal'anri'' = double standard or hypocrisy, from the agentive ''kal'an'' 'hypocrite' of √''x-l-ʔ'' 'double'
*''afto-'' = self-
*''afto-'' = self-
*''e-'' = a- (from ʔiC-, an assimilated form of the OTog preposition ''ʔin'' 'in'); these adjectives can usually only be predicative
*''e-'' = a- (from ʔiC-, an assimilated form of the OTog preposition ''ʔin'' 'in'); these adjectives can usually only be predicative
**''e'est'' 'ablaze'
**''e'est'' 'ablaze'
**''edarxy'' 'away'
**''eðarky'' 'away'
**''eþal'' 'galore' (lit. a-mound)
**''etal'' 'galore' (lit. a-mound)
**''emein'' 'drowned, lost forever', lit. awater
**''emein'' 'drowned, lost forever', lit. awater
*''-byl'' = -able (from English -able and native ''abȝel'' 'to be able to')
*''-vyl'' = -able (from English -able and native ''avȝel'' 'to be able to')
*''þy-'' 're-'<!--
*''ty-'' 're-' (from the tD-stem)
====''þyfaȝel'' and the prefix ''þy-''====
**''tynawer'' 'to reflect', from ''naur'' 'light'
This binyan comes from the tD-stem (t- with geminate stem) and corresponds directly to the Arabic binyan ''tafa33ala''.
**''tybarkes'' 'to react', from ''barkis'' 'action'
 
**''tysalem'' 'to repay', from √s-l-m 'peace, whole'
The main meanings of this binyan are:
**''tyȝanė'' 'to satisfy', from √ȝ-n-j 'distress, need'; probably influenced by a now obsolete meaning 'to answer' of the same root
*reciprocal or back-and-forth action
**unpredictable change in meaning stem)
*reaction/back, again, re-: the most productive modern meaning
**''þynawer'' 'to reflect', from ''naur'' 'light'
**''þyparkes'' 'to react', from ''parkis'' 'action'
**''þysalem'' 'to repay', from √s-l-m 'peace, whole'
**''þyȝanė'' 'to satisfy', from √ȝ-n-j 'distress, need'; probably influenced by a now obsolete meaning 'to answer' of the same root
*unpredictable change in meaning
 
The resemblance of this binyan to the very common ''faȝel'' binyan has led to the ''þy-'' prefix becoming productive, with some semantic overlap with the prefix ''re-'' in English.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 700px; text-align:center;"
|+ Binyan 6 conjugation: ''þydares'' 'teach'
! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense
! style="width: 75px; " | 1sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 2sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 3sg
! style="width: 75px; " | 1pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 2pl
! style="width: 75px; " | 3pl
|-
! past; conditional
| ''nėx yþydares''
| ''aþ/eþ yþydares''
| ''hu/hi þydares''
| ''nan þydares''
| ''aþøm þydares''
| ''høm þydares''
|-
! past progressive; past subjunctive
| ''fiti wyþydares''
| ''fit wyþydares''
| ''fė wyþydares''
| ''finė wyþydares''
| ''fitøm wyþydares''
| ''fu wyþydares''
|-
! present
| ''nėx yþydrėres''
| ''aþ/eþ yþydrėres''
| ''hu/hi þydrėres''
| ''nan þydrėres''
| ''aþøm þydrėres''
| ''høm þydrėres''
|-
! present progressive
| ''nėx še wyþydares''
| ''aþ/eþ še wyþydares''
| ''hu/hi še wyþydares''
| ''nan še wyþydares''
| ''aþøm šu wyþydares''
| ''høm šu wyþydares''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''nėx yþydaresan''
| ''aþ/eþ yþydaresan''
| ''hu/hi þydaresan''
| ''nan þydaresan''
| ''aþøm þydaresun''
| ''høm þydaresun''
|-
! future
| ''ėbe þydarus''
| ''tėbe þydarus''
| ''jėbe þydarus''
| ''nėbe þydarus''
| ''tėbu þydarus''
| ''jėbu þydarus''
|-
! perfect
| ''li møþydaras''
| ''lax/lex møþydaras''
| ''lau/la møþydaras''
| ''lanė møþydaras''
| ''laxøm møþydaras''
| ''laum møþydaras''
|-
! imperative
|colspan=6|''þydares!''
|-
! active participle
|colspan=6| ''møþydares''
|-
! passive participle
|colspan=6| ''møþydaras''
|-
! w-form
|colspan=6| ''wyþydares''
|-
! infinitive
|colspan=6| ''þydarus''
|}
-->


==Phrasebook==
==Phrasebook==
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*Slėm! - Hello! / Goodbye!
*Slėm! - Hello! / Goodbye!
*Slėm ȝlėxøm! - Hello! (formal)
*Slėm ȝlėkøm! - Hello! (formal)
*Leilt tėb! / Num by tėb! - Good night! / Sleep well!
*Leil dėv! / Num vy dėv! - Good night! / Sleep well!
*Jaum tėb! - Good day!
*Jaum dėv! - Good day!
*Exarus! / Exarus þax/þex/þaxøm! - Thanks!
*Ekarus! / Ekarus tak/tek/takøm! - Thanks!
*Ȝem ryšan - Please / You're welcome
*Ȝem ryžan - Please / You're welcome
*Þryhef þi - Excuse me, Pardon
*Tryhef ti - Excuse me, Pardon
*Nėx nyhum - I'm sorry
*Nėk nyhum - I'm sorry
*Ma yn sem lax/lex/laxøm? - What's your name?
*Ma yn sem lak/lek/lakøm? - What's your name?
*Yn sem li [name] - My name is [name]
*Yn sem li [name] - My name is [name]
*Xeix wymar iþ [thing] in Þėgamiþ? - How do you say [thing] in Togarmite?
*Keik wymar iþ [thing] in Tėrmit? - How do you say [thing] in Togarmite?
*H' aþ/eþ/aþøm wydėber [language]? - Do you speak [language]?
*H' at/et/atøm wyðėver [language]? - Do you speak [language]?
*Ȝem ryšan, mør že šėnėn - Please say it again
*Ȝem ryžan, mør že šėnėn - Please say it again
*Hė lax/lex/laxøm - Here you go! (i.e. I just granted your request) (the source of the English expression is misinterpreted Togarmite)
*Hė lak/lek/lakøm - Here you go! (i.e. I just granted your request) (the source of the English expression is misinterpreted Togarmite)
**Note: In Ethiopia it's spelled without the space.
**Note: In Ethiopia it's spelled without the space.
*Yn ryhaft li hu myli ȝem clėfi - My hovercraft is full of eels
*Yn ryhaft li hu myli ȝem clėfi - My hovercraft is full of eels
Line 1,626: Line 1,600:
==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
=== Schleicher ===
=== Schleicher ===
''Yn xabš w' yn frasi''
''Yn kavš w' yn frasi''


''Xabš ly žė lė fė šamry ly ri frasi: had gor myrxabt škul, had mol hemly xbur, wy had mol bennės by fiz. Yn xabš mar: Mrur li yn leb, moran nėx wyri bennės wyrxøb frasi." Yn frasi mar: Ažen, xabš! Mrur lanė yn leb moran nan wyri žinė: bennės, ym bol, woši lau mylbast mum me šamry lyn xabš. Wy lėš lyn xabš šamry." Moran yn xabš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lid yn šde.''
''Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.''


Old Tog.:
Old Tog.:
Line 1,634: Line 1,608:
''An xabše wan φarasīn''
''An xabše wan φarasīn''


''Χabše, žė lė hawė šamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔī: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn šamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše šamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''
''Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.''
 
Hebrew:
 
{{rtl|הכבש והסוסים}}


===Lysėn þėgami, lysėn þlul===
{{rtl|כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.}}


* ''Had arþ, rab arþi; had galt, rab galti!''
===Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul===
* ''Jaumyn nėx wyxþab, amsyn nėx yxþøb; jaumyn nėx wytȝam, amsyn nėx ytȝøm! ''
* ''Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!''
* ''Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm! ''


===A biology abstract===
===A biology abstract===


''Nan wymdød yn þyglim efkarjotek meþycrer lyn wrišt TSP3 in ''Bruxorjon sponerču''. TSP3 wykadek kinas kabelan rėxes ly prøtezenjon, mykėma bym mikrospørelata køtoknėji lyn ribosøm posatedek, wy xahus ly TSP3 rahibyn ma'man ly fėþ ym mojan ly karčin køboþrøtek. In þyxþøbt žinė nan wystydrex weþysmes þybhin xyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė ryxės TSP3 lid yn ȝaxuban føloxrøpsenas wykrė (p = 0.04) nyn øpotreløma ly køt ''Bruxorjon'' bri møran eþy'yfusi adenotoksen nmux. Ly þymacu žinė jėbu fėþ ramuzi mø'abjunė lid yn drės ly desklørøma sømbrøxi.''
''Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in ''Vruchorjon sbonerču''. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød ''Vrukorjon'' slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.''


We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.
We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in ''Bruchorium sponercii''. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy ''Bruchorium'' cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.


===Newton's laws of motion===
===Newton's laws of motion===
''I: Dbar wyšbøþ by demi, o by ȝyþėk enomorf, lulė ydraȝ wyparkes ȝal þež.''
''I: Ðvar wyšvat vy ðemi, o vy ȝytėg enomorf, lulė yðraȝ wybarkes ȝal že.''


I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.
I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.


''II: Yn šanuj nyn þyȝþik ly bšar hu myþxøni lid yn øþisi møþyfacar ȝal ym bšar; w' yn šanuj wykrė darxyn yn kau þykin ȝal žė øþisi ži bė møþyfacar ȝal.''
''II: Yn šanuj nyn tyȝtig ly všar že mytkøni lið yn øtisi møtyfacar ȝlėm všar; w' yn šanuj wygrė ðarkyn yn gau tygin ȝal žė øtisi ži vė møtyfacar ȝal.''


II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.
II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.


''III: Iš ly xøl parkis iþ þyparkis is w' anteþet.''
''III: Iš ly køl barkis it tybarkis is w' andethed.''


III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
Line 1,662: Line 1,641:
===O how quickly the sculpture of life===
===O how quickly the sculpture of life===
<poem>
<poem>
''O! Xma fiziþ ym myklaȝ ly heiwėþ''
''O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt''
''Šaber in temaša zytarter!''
''Šaver in demaša zydarder!''
''Ym mgiluþ lym malx ȝal yn þrøn lau''
''Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau''
''Bė xliliþ gruf edarx by gali bor.''
''Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.''
''Aþøm žė jėþ mancabta hė,''
''Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,''
''Ȝabry hen yn Elėh aþøm lawani ȝalė yn arþ.''
''Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.''
''Xøl lanė mødajan ȝal ym parkisi lanė;''
''Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;''
''Hamnė wyhėb lid yn ȝni, w' agaþeržijėþ lid hawdud.''
''Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.''


O how quickly the sculpture of life
O how quickly the sculpture of life
Line 1,683: Line 1,662:
===Warming Up To You===
===Warming Up To You===
<poem>
<poem>
'''Weþyhmem lidax'''
'''Wetyhmem liðak'''
Xenax tėbe wymauþ in xlėþ,
Kenak at vė mėt in klėt,
Nėx yrþybec nym mimuþ lax,
Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak,
Ym mimuþ žė azė'en yn hakranuþ,
Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut,
Yn ȝyli lyn wedȝy;
Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy;
Yn gant žė lax sþul in žinė rybuȝ admyþ
Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt
Wy tėbe nyžėr lid dwari.
Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr.
</poem>
</poem>


===Stairway To Heaven===
===Stairway To Heaven===
<poem>
<poem>
'''Maȝlyþ lid yn Symeiniþ'''
'''Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit'''
Iš bolt žė hi yšur
Iš volt žė hi šur
Xøl žė nėher že žahab
Køl žė nėher že žahav
Wy hi wykna maȝlyþ lid yn symeiniþ
Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit
</poem>
</poem>


===UDHR===
===UDHR===
''Xøl nės mewølad rur w' is in akšoprepja wy žyxawi. Høm møþyhanan ȝym ložeki wy synidisi wy høbu ly parkus lid hawdud in ruh l'ahwuþ.''
''Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.''




[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Stem-Hebrew]]
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