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Sceptrian (view source)

Revision as of 15:36, 5 July 2014

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→‎Verbs
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===Verbs===
===Verbs===


missing "to be" and "to have"
missing verbs:
*"to be": ''luwi doth'' "a man is beautiful" vs. ''doth luwi'' "a beautiful man"
* "to have": all those possessive forms...


====Conjugation====
====Conjugation====
Verbs are given in their 3SG.INAN GNO form


'''Apophony!'''
'''Apophony!'''
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!3SG.INAN
!3SG.INAN
!3PL.INAN
!3PL.INAN
|-
!colspan="2"|GNO-STAT
| a
| ha
| e
| he
| ai
| athi
| ó
| hó
| -
| l
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|PRES
! rowspan="2"|PRES
!PROG
!PROG
|
| an
|
| han
|
| en
| hen
| ang
| aing
| ón
| hón
| on
| lon
|-
!INCEP
| ast
| last
| est
| lest
| aest
| haest
| ós
| lós
| os
| osl
|-
|-
|
! rowspan="2"| PST
! rowspan="2"| PST
! ATEL
! IPFV
| ajin
| ajin
|
| hajin
|
| ejin
| hejin
| azing
| izing
| ójin
| hójin
| oin
| loin
|-
|-
!TEL
!PFV
| ai
| ai
|  
| hai
| ei
| ei
|
| hei
| athi
| izhi
| óji
| hóji
| oi
| oi
| loi
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"| FUT
! colspan="2"| FUT
!
| har
|
| +har
| her
| +her
| athar
| izhar
| hór
| +hór
| ho
| +ho
|}
|}
*initial l is for lateralization and h for aspiration of the final consonant
*+ indicates voicing of the final consonant


Only animate nouns as agents. Abstract and inanimate as antipassive subjects: ''luwifo utelink nas'' ("beauty-of.yours un-eye-ful-makes me-with", your beauty makes me blind) vs. ''utelinken foe na'' (you are making me blind)
Agent prefixes are used only in the formal register.
*Then why abs and inan have ergative forms?
{| class="wikitable"
|+Agent prefixes for tense and aspect
|-
!Tense
!Aspect
!1SG
!1PL
!2SG
!2PL
!2SG.POL
!2PL.POL
!3SG.AN
!3PL.AN
!3SG.INAN
!3PL.INAN
|-
!colspan="2"|GNO-STAT
| a
| sa
| e
| se
| ai
| athi
| ó
| só
| o
| lo
|-
! rowspan="2"|PRES
!PROG
| an
| san
| en
| sen
| nga
| ngai
| ón
| són
| on
| lon
|-
!INCEP
| tsa
| tsla
| tse
| tsle
| tsae
| tshae
| tsó
| tsló
| so
| slo
|-
! rowspan="2"| PST
! IPFV
| jan
| zhan
| jen
| zhen
| izae
| izhae
| jón
| zhón
| i
| li
|-
!PFV
| ai
| sai
| ei
| sei
| tha
| zha
| jó
| zhó
| oi
| loi
|-
! colspan="2"| FUT
| ar
| sar
| er
| ser
| thar
| zhar
| ór
| sór
| or
| lor
|}


Transitivity, animacy and cases: ''Ónzaitón dothee pof.'' (A man (ERG) is lifting a feather (ABS).), ''Bousón doth.'' (The man falls.) ''Bouson pof.'' (The feather (ABS) falls.).  
Transitivity, animacy and cases: ''Ónzaitón dothee pof.'' (A man (ERG) is lifting a feather (ABS).), ''Bousón doth.'' (The man falls.) ''Bouson pof.'' (The feather (ABS) falls.).  
*Verb form differences when agent-like (he dances) or patient-like subjects (he fell)? ''latephó'' (he danced) vs. ''boush'' (he fell without ending)
 
Verb form differences when agent-like (he dances) or patient-like subjects (he fell)? ''latepóji'' (he danced AN) vs. ''bousoi'' (he fell INAN)
 
*agreeing OR circumfix! ''ónzait'''o'''n dothee pof'' vs. ''ónzaitón dothee su'' (the man is lifting him)
*agreeing OR circumfix! ''ónzait'''o'''n dothee pof'' vs. ''ónzaitón dothee su'' (the man is lifting him)
**ending vowel ''o''?
**ending vowel ''o''?
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====Aspect====
====Aspect====


Telicity (completion) marked in verbs: suomessa ''ammuin karhun'' vs. ''ammuin karhua''
Momentane vs. frequentative derivations; different ways for different stems/categories (make sound, move,  
*past: perfective vs. imperfective only with transitive verbs: ''näin'' vs. ''katsoin'' (agent vs. experiencer...case?). Different case than PRES (DAT/ABL?)
*present: determination: ''kirjoitan kirjaa'' vs. ''kirjoitan kirjan'', joista jälkimmäinen lähestyy futuuria (inceptive?)
*future: completeness/influence of current actions


====Mood====
====Mood====


Some duplication ;)
Indicative ("normal")
 
Some duplication with subjunctive ;)
 
imperative with apophony of 3SG.INAN GNO form


====Voice====
====Voice====
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Different endings which reflect the conversation situation: speakers, familiarity, formality, location...  
Different endings which reflect the conversation situation: speakers, familiarity, formality, location...  


Can people with higher status be abstract or do they occupy a special animate category? (special ending?)
Can people with higher status be abstract or do they occupy a special animate category? (ae inside?)  


One may use inanimate verb forms as anti-honorific? ''Ondakon nae ka Nithki.'' (I humbly offer this to You)
One may use inanimate verb forms as anti-honorific? ''Ondakon nae ka Nithki.'' (I humbly offer this to You)
In formal register, it is preferred to use only animate nouns as agents while abstract and inanimate are as antipassive subjects: ''luwifo utelink nas'' ("beauty-of.yours un-eye-ful-makes me-with", your beauty makes me blind) vs. ''utelinken foe na'' (you are making me blind)


===Adpositions===
===Adpositions===
Juhhmi
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