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Sceptrian: Difference between revisions
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
The most complete study of the basic structure of modern Sceptrian words was recently done by Porutingatu of Jerzónó in year 362 of the seventh era. She collected, grouped and analyzed the fusional morphemes and listed the new rules to replace the outdated writings from the sixth era. By 370, her work had led to a new interest in linguistics and ultimately to the founding of ''Tsagadhet Keping Batom Lushan'' (Bureau of the Purity of the Sceptrian Language) which has been unifying and regulating the language since then. | The most complete study of the basic structure of modern Sceptrian words was recently done by Porutingatu of Jerzónó in year 362 of the seventh era. She collected, grouped and analyzed the fusional morphemes and listed the new rules to replace the outdated writings from the sixth era. By 370, her work had led to a new interest in linguistics and ultimately to the founding of ''Tsagadhet Keping Batom Lushan'' (Bureau of the Purity of the Sceptrian Language) which has been unifying and regulating the language along with its orthography since then. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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|+Demonstrative pronoun inflection | |+Demonstrative pronoun inflection | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !rowspan="2"| Case | ||
! | !colspan="2"| Proximal | ||
! | !colspan="2"| Distal | ||
|- | |- | ||
!SG !! PL !! SG !! PL | !SG !! PL !! SG !! PL | ||
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|kap || klapa || kop ||klopo | |kap || klapa || kop ||klopo | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head. When an adjective is used as a predicative, it comes before its head, but when as an attributive, it comes after. Adjective declension follows approximately the same rules as noun declension. Changes include mirroring onset into coda: ''notlu luwidh'''ulk''''' (at beautiful objects) | Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head. When an adjective is used as a predicative, it comes before its head, but when as an attributive, it comes after. Adjective declension follows approximately the same rules as noun declension. Changes include mirroring onset into coda: ''notlu luwidh'''ulk''''' (at/near beautiful objects) | ||
Vowel change is used to indicate the gender, base for inanimate, first apophony with animate and second apophony with abstract gender: ''eja luwuudh, doth luwidh, tes luwidh'' | Vowel change is used to indicate the gender, base for inanimate, first apophony with animate and second apophony with abstract gender: ''eja luwuudh, doth luwidh, tes luwidh'' | ||
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missing verbs: | missing verbs: | ||
*"to be": apposition ''trk doth'' (a man is a smith) vs. ''doth trk'' (the smith-man, the smith is a man); predicative before '' | *"to be": apposition ''trk doth'' (a man is a smith) vs. ''doth trk'' (the smith-man, the smith is a man); predicative before ''luwidh doth'' (a man is beautiful) vs. attributive after ''doth luwidh'' (a beautiful man) | ||
**Emphasizing ''ma'': ''trk dothma'' (it is the man who is a smith) | **Emphasizing ''ma'': ''trk dothma'' (it is the man who is a smith) | ||
* "to have": | * "to have": various [[Sceptrian#Possessive_affixes|possessive forms]], e.g. ''soput trng dothi'' ("profession of a smith for the man") | ||
====Tense==== | ====Tense==== | ||
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====Voice==== | ====Voice==== | ||
Sceptrian distinguishes between two voices, active and antipassive. | Sceptrian distinguishes between two voices, active and antipassive. Antipassive is used to reduce the valency of the verbs by removing the object of a transitive clause. | ||
*Irregularities‽ | *Irregularities‽ | ||
Reflexive with double conjugation: | Reflexive with double conjugation: | ||
History of ABS-ERG - Why Sceptrian has it, but Aoma uses NOM-ACC? | History of ABS-ERG - Why Sceptrian has it, but Aoma uses NOM-ACC? | ||
*Passive (~ Aoman 2nd passive... participle form) + causal form: *''Pózaiton pofos dothpe.'' (The feather was lifted by a man.) --> ''<s>p</s>ó'''n'''zaiton doth<s>p</s>e'''e''' pof<s>os</s>.'' | *Passive (~ Aoman 2nd passive... participle form) + causal form: *''Pózaiton pofos dothpe.'' (The feather was lifted by a man.) --> ''<s>p</s>ó'''n'''zaiton doth<s>p</s>e'''e''' pof<s>os</s>.'' | ||
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Passive construction: To demote the agent (ERG), it's either removed or inflected into causal ablative (ABL). Verb circumfix remains untouched. | Passive construction: To demote the agent (ERG), it's either removed or inflected into causal ablative (ABL). Verb circumfix remains untouched. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = | |phrase = Zaiton pof (dothpo). | ||
|IPA = / | |IPA = /zaɪ̯tə̃ pəf (dəθpə)/ | ||
| morphemes = | | morphemes = zait-on pof-Ø (doth-po) | ||
| gloss = | | gloss = lift-3SG.INAN.PRES.IPFV feather-ABS (man-ABL) | ||
| translation = A feather is being lifted (by a man). | | translation = A feather is being lifted (by a man). | ||
}} | }} | ||
Antipassive construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SV(O), and the verb | Antipassive construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SV(O), and the verb is conjugated according to the agent and may receive the emphasizing clitic ''ma'' in the formal register. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Doth | |phrase = Doth ónzait(ma) (pofos). | ||
|IPA = /dəθ ɔ̃zaɪ̯t(mä) (pəfəs)/ | |IPA = /dəθ ɔ̃zaɪ̯t(mä) (pəfəs)/ | ||
| morphemes = doth-Ø ón-zait-Ø(/ma) (pof-os) | | morphemes = doth-Ø ón-zait-Ø(/ma) (pof-os) | ||
| gloss = man-ABS 3SG.AN.PRES.IPFV-lift-ANTIP(. | | gloss = man-ABS 3SG.AN.PRES.IPFV-lift-ANTIP(.FORM) (feather-INS) | ||
| translation = The man is lifting (a feather). | | translation = The man is lifting (a feather). | ||
}} | }} | ||