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Sceptrian: Difference between revisions
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! colspan="2" |Nasal | ! colspan="2" |Nasal | ||
| '''m''' | | '''m''' | ||
| | | ɱ | ||
| | | | ||
| '''n ń''' /n/ | | '''n ń''' /n/ | ||
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|} | |} | ||
The liquids ''r'' and ''l'' can appear as '''syllabic consonants''': tlsl /tˡl̩ɬ/, prn /pr̩n/ and trk /tr̩k/ | The liquids ''r'' and ''l'' can appear as '''syllabic consonants''': tlsl /tˡl̩ɬ/ (shallow), prn /pr̩n/ (wagon) and trk /tr̩k/ (smith) | ||
*In eastern dialects, ''pr'' is realized as /ʙ/ | *In eastern dialects, ''pr'' is realized as /ʙ/ | ||
*Fricatives show properties of syllabic consonants word-initially and word-finally. | |||
Nasal /ɱ/ only appears as an allophone of nasals with labio-dental sounds /f/ and /v/. Before velar sounds (e.g. /k/) nasals turn similarly into /ŋ/. | |||
Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' / | Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' /tiçˈtɔh.näx/ (assassinator). It's also used after consonants to indicate breathy voice. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
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Schwa '''''o''''' is used as an epenthetic vowel (anaptyxis). When it is used to break consonant clusters (not indicated in native script) it is the simple schwa /ə/: *dŧ → ''doth'' /dəθ/. When stressed, it is vernacularly realized as /ɘ/, and in western dialects more clearly as /ɤ/: *dŧs → ''dothos'' /dəˈθɘˑs/ | Schwa '''''o''''' is used as an epenthetic vowel (anaptyxis). When it is used to break consonant clusters (not indicated in native script) it is the simple schwa /ə/: *dŧ → ''doth'' /dəθ/ (man). When stressed, it is vernacularly realized as /ɘ/, and in western dialects more clearly as /ɤ/: *dŧs → ''dothos'' /dəˈθɘˑs/ | ||
Vowel ''a'' is /ɑ/ after voiced consonants. | Vowel ''a'' is /ɑ/ after voiced consonants. | ||
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*Front: ai /äɪ̯/, ei /ei̯/, oi /œi̯/ | *Front: ai /äɪ̯/, ei /ei̯/, oi /œi̯/ | ||
If the syllable border is between vowels and they don't form a diphthong, apostrophe is used: ''tai'' vs. ''ta'i'' | If the syllable border (glottal stop) is between vowels and they don't form a diphthong, apostrophe is used: ''tai'' (for long) vs. ''ta'i'' (past) | ||
*In native [[Sceptrian#Script|script]], separate graphemes for diphthongs exist and glottal stop is not marked. | |||
===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
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*Basic [[w:Syllable#Structure|syllabic structure]] is CV, where the '''onset''' (beginning) consonant can be of any type. | *Basic [[w:Syllable#Structure|syllabic structure]] is CV, where the '''onset''' (beginning) consonant can be of any type. | ||
**It is possible to use liquids and approximants as '''glides''' (CLV) between the onset and the rime (ending). | **It is possible to use liquids and approximants as '''glides''' (CLV) between the onset and the rime (ending). | ||
**Up to two consonants with same voicing may appear in the onset (CCV), especially fricative-plosive combinations, but never two plosives: ''stak'', ''fkos'', ''ksaru''. Affricate ''ts'' takes may be accompanied only by ''w'', ''j'', ''n'' or ''m'': ''tsma''. Combination /sl/ has turned into /ɬ/. | **Up to two consonants with same voicing may appear in the onset (CCV), especially fricative-plosive combinations, but never two plosives: ''stak'' (fence), ''fkos'' (nest), ''ksaru'' (guard). Affricate ''ts'' takes may be accompanied only by ''w'', ''j'', ''n'' or ''m'': ''tsma'' (doubt). Combination /sl/ has turned into /ɬ/. | ||
**Lateralization and aspiration may never appear together, and nasalized rhoticization is only found in Faanish dialect. | **Lateralization and aspiration may never appear together, and nasalized rhoticization is only found in Faanish dialect. | ||
*'''Nucleus''' can be either a vowel or a liquid, thus CVC and CLC are also possible syllables. | *'''Nucleus''' can be either a vowel or a liquid, thus CVC and CLC are also possible syllables. | ||
**Vowels (diphthongs included) may exist as a stand-alone nucleic syllable (V), mostly in the beginning or at the end of a word. | **Vowels (diphthongs included) may exist as a stand-alone nucleic syllable (V), mostly in the beginning or at the end of a word. | ||
**If nucleus is a liquid, plosives appear in codas only word-finally. | **If nucleus is a liquid, plosives appear in codas only word-finally. | ||
*'''Coda''' (final) may consist of up to three consonants with possible structures: NS, FS, LS; NF, SF, LF; NL, SL, FL; NSF, LSF, NSL (Nasal, Stop, Fricative, Liquid). Three-consonant clusters are rare word-medially and receive a schwa after the non-lateral stop: ''kamps'' /kämps/ → *'' | *'''Coda''' (final) may consist of up to three consonants with possible structures: NS, FS, LS; NF, SF, LF; NL, SL, FL; NSF, LSF, NSL, NFL (Nasal, Stop, Fricative, Liquid). Three-consonant clusters are rare word-medially and receive a schwa after the non-lateral stop: ''kamps'' /kämps/ (marsh) → *''kampsku'' → ''kamposku'' /ˈkämpəsku/ (at marsh) | ||
**Approximants ''j'', ''w'' and plain voiced plosives never appear as coda (final) even though they may be written that way: ''nad'' / | **Approximants ''j'', ''w'' and plain voiced plosives never appear as coda (final) even though they may be written that way (no written schwa): ''nad'' /nä.də/ (stainy). Voiced fricatives may appear as coda. | ||
**In coda, plosives with lateral release, however, will reflect the voicing of the onset: ''gatl'' /gädˡl̩/ vs. ''katl'' /kätˡl̩/ | **In coda, plosives with lateral release, however, will reflect the voicing of the onset: ''gatl'' /gädˡl̩/ (jugs) vs. ''katl'' /kätˡl̩/ (knobs) | ||
*Closed syllables, i.e. those ending in coda, are not as common word-medially as open syllables (ending in nucleus) are. When words are inflected, codas tend to become onsets of the following syllable, if possible. | *Closed syllables, i.e. those ending in coda, are not as common word-medially as open syllables (ending in nucleus) are. When words are inflected, codas tend to become onsets of the following syllable, if possible. | ||
**Voicing status must be the same for consonants touching at syllable boundaries and the voiced one reduces into voiceless: '' | **Voicing status must be the same for consonants touching at syllable boundaries and the voiced one reduces into voiceless: *''katbas''→''katpas'' /kätˈpäs/ (fern) vs. ''oist baku'' /œi̯st<sup>(h)</sup> bä.ku/ (under a table) | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
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*A syllable with a long vowel, the closing diphthong or a syllabic consonant is always stressed and steals the stress from neighboring syllables. This also moves the secondary stress from fourth to | *A syllable with a long vowel, the closing diphthong or a syllabic consonant is always stressed and steals the stress from neighboring syllables. This also moves the secondary stress from fourth to | ||
Inflected and affixed word forms have the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic body): ''gat'' → '' | Inflected and affixed word forms have the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic body): ''gat'' (house) → ''gatu'' /ˈgɑˑ.tu/ (at the house) | ||
Interrogatives are formed by changing the primary stress onto the first syllable and a rising pitch. This is indicated with ¿. | Interrogatives are formed by changing the primary stress onto the first syllable and a rising pitch. This is indicated with ¿. | ||
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There are five ways of sound altering which may be used for grammatical purposes (mainly number, genitive case and imperfective aspect) | There are five ways of sound altering which may be used for grammatical purposes (mainly number, genitive case and imperfective aspect) | ||
*Lengthening: ''paata'' /pä:tä/, '' | *Lengthening: ''paata'' /pä:tä/ (separation), ''ée'' /ɛ:/-/ɛe̯/, ''óo'' /ɔ:/ | ||
**Not used word-finally. | **Not used word-finally. | ||
*Lateral (release): '' | *Lateral (release): ''pló'' /pˡɔ/ (opposite to), ''tlaf'' /tˡäf/ (sprig) | ||
**Western dialects keep the tongue on the alveolar ridge during vowel pronunciation so that the vowels have a distinct l-sound. Historically, this may have lead to the syllabic l. | **Western dialects keep the tongue on the alveolar ridge during vowel pronunciation so that the vowels have a distinct l-sound. Historically, this may have lead to the syllabic l. | ||
*Aspiration/breathy voice: '' | *Aspiration/breathy voice: ''phó'' /pʰɔ/~/ɸɔ/ (along), ''kébhar'' /kɛˈbʱɑ˞/~/kɛˈβɑ˞/ (I will wash), ''tha'' /tʰä/~/θä/ (abstract "it"), ''dhaka'' /dʱɑkä/~/ðɑkä/ (abstract "that"). | ||
**In casual register, aspirated plosives of unstressed syllables turn into the corresponding fricatives as shown above. | **In casual register, aspirated plosives of unstressed syllables turn into the corresponding fricatives as shown above. | ||
*Nasalization: ''on'' /ə̃~ɘ̃/ (compare ''oń'' /ən/) when ''n'' in [[Sceptrian#Phonotactics|coda]] | *Nasalization: ''on'' /ə̃~ɘ̃/ (compare ''oń'' /ən/) when ''n'' in [[Sceptrian#Phonotactics|coda]] | ||
**Close vowels (u, o, ó and i) are always nasalized between two nasals and all vowels after short ng: ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but nasalization does not occur with open vowels and long ńg: '' | **Close vowels (u, o, ó and i) are always nasalized between two nasals and all vowels after short ng: ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/ (indeed), but nasalization does not occur with open vowels and long ''ńg'': ''dothé næńgé'' /dəˈθɛˑ næŋ:ɛˑ/ (O sweaty man!). | ||
*Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''ar'' /ä˞/ (compare ''oŕ'' /ər/~/r/ and ''aŕ'' /är/) | *Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''ar'' /ä˞/ (compare ''oŕ'' /ər/~/r/ and ''aŕ'' /är/) | ||
**Nasalization does not occur simultaneously with rhoticization, except in Faanish dialect (near the border of Negovia): ''karon'' → ''karn'' /kæ̃˞/ | **Nasalization does not occur simultaneously with rhoticization, except in Faanish dialect (near the border of Negovia): ''karon'' → ''karn'' /kæ̃˞/ (soup) | ||
===Consonant form=== | ===Consonant form=== | ||
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===Apophony=== | ===Apophony=== | ||
Apophony is used for example to express adjective gender and to create different verb forms. | Apophony in the '''stressed syllable''' is used for example to express adjective gender and to create different verb forms. | ||
'''Full''' | '''Full''' | ||
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*Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/. | *Letter ''r'' is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization ''or'' /ɚ/. Letter ''ŕ'' is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels ''oŕ'' /ər/. | ||
*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear syllable-finally with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/. | *Similarly letter ''n'' can appear syllable-finally with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/. | ||
*With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening '' | *With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''nańgo'' /näŋ:ə/ or ''naŋŋo'' (sweaty). | ||
*Labialization of plosives is indicated by PuV (V is any vowel except ''u'') or with ''w''. | *Labialization of plosives is indicated by PuV (V is any vowel except ''u'') or with ''w''. | ||
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Comparison between the systems: | Comparison between the systems: | ||
*Old: | *Old: Ǧëǩ śošēŧã | ||
*Modern: | *Modern: Glerkl shosleethan (maces of a knight) | ||
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| Ae || Asl || ii || Fé || lFé || Né || Nin || -wé || -wésh || Pé || Plé || lé | | Ae || Asl || ii || Fé || lFé || Né || Nin || -wé || -wésh || Pé || Plé || lé | ||
|} | |} | ||
*''A'': vowels ''a'' and ''ó'' | *''A'': vowels ''a'' and ''ó'' with nouns and ''o'' with adjectives | ||
**Ae: ae = æ | **Ae: ae = æ, óe = ø & oe=é | ||
*''F'': fricatives ''f, th, s, sh'' and ''h''; voiced counterparts and affricates ''ts'' and ''tsh'' are followed by ''o'' before plosive endings. | *''F'': fricatives ''f, th, s, sh'' and ''h''; voiced counterparts and affricates ''ts'' and ''tsh'' are followed by ''o'' before plosive endings. | ||
*''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng'' | *''N'': nasals ''n, m'' and ''ng'' | ||
*''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q'' | *''P'': plosives ''p, t, k'' and ''q'' | ||
**POS ''q''→''ng'' | |||
**INS ending Ph marks breathy voice and may turn the plosive into corresponding fricative /ɸ, θ, x, χ/ if followed by a plosive. | **INS ending Ph marks breathy voice and may turn the plosive into corresponding fricative /ɸ, θ, x, χ/ if followed by a plosive. | ||
*- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following: ''tup → tu'''n''''' (stick → stick's) | *- indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following: ''tup → tu'''n''''' (stick → stick's) | ||
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Base noun may describe an abstact quality, feature: "weakness"→"similar to weakness"/"having weakness"/"without weakness" | Base noun may describe an abstact quality, feature: "weakness"→"similar to weakness"/"having weakness"/"without weakness" | ||
*similarity, having something: ''dh'' suffix to abstract gender and animate ''u''-ending; voicing of fricatives (''h→qh'', no change with affricates); nasals | *similarity, having something: ''dh'' suffix to abstract gender and animate ''u''-ending; voicing of fricatives (''h→qh'', no change with affricates); nasals [[Sceptrian#Consonant_form|"lateralized"]] + ''o''; voicing of plosives + ''o'' (''q→g''); l-declension as in INS-COM: ''evadh'' (bright), ''dodh'' (masculine) | ||
**full of, having something: previous suffixed with ''ol'': ''mel muvol'' (waters full of fish) | **full of, having something: previous suffixed with ''ol'': ''mel muvol'' (waters full of fish) | ||
*material: ABS with ''(o)p'': ''kosonop'' (wooden) | *material: ABS with ''(o)p'': ''kosonop'' (wooden) | ||
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*absence, without: ''ti'' suffixed to VOC form: ''evæti'' (lightless=dark) | *absence, without: ''ti'' suffixed to VOC form: ''evæti'' (lightless=dark) | ||
*doing: ''on'' added after INS case: ''kephon'' (washing) | *doing: ''on'' added after INS case: ''kephon'' (washing) | ||
* | *who did: INS with ''ompu'': ''kephompu'' (who washed = ''pessyt'' in Finnish) | ||
*done by: INS with ''empo'' and possibly inalienable possessive suffix: ''kephemponga'' (washed by me) | |||
*not done: LAT suffixed with ''tip'': ''kepóotip'' (unwashed) | *not done: LAT suffixed with ''tip'': ''kepóotip'' (unwashed) | ||
*experiencing: LAT suffixed with ''p'': kepóop (being washed) | *experiencing: LAT suffixed with ''p'': kepóop (being washed) | ||
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*possible: POS with ''ta'': ''kenta'' (washable) | *possible: POS with ''ta'': ''kenta'' (washable) | ||
*requiring: LOC with ''rt'': ''kepurt'' (needs to be washed) | *requiring: LOC with ''rt'': ''kepurt'' (needs to be washed) | ||
*opposite, negation: VOC with '' | *opposite, negation: VOC with ''tot'' | ||
====Verb==== | ====Verb==== | ||
From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun+case/adjective: | From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun+case/adjective: | ||
*ABS = "happens | *ABS = "happens, is": ''kep'' (washes) | ||
*COM = "using": | *COM = "using": ''tuph'' (pokes with a stick) | ||
* | *POS + ''k'' = "similarity": ''melonk'' (is wet) | ||
*DAT + ''k'' = "making | *DAT + ''k'' = "making/becoming" (no ''k'' with Abstract): ''zurmu'' → ''zurmjik'' (strong person.AN → strengthen.3SG.INAN.GNO), ''zurp'' → ''zurpeik'' (strong, durable object.IN → hardens) & ''zurma'' → ''zurmak'' (strength → intensifies) | ||
*LAT + ''t'' = ''movement'' | *LAT + ''t'' = ''movement'': ''melot'' (flows) | ||
*frequentative | *LOC + ''r'' = "frequentative": ''glerkur'' (batters with a mace) | ||
*momentane | *VOC + ''k'' = "momentane": ''glerkék'' (hits once with a mace) | ||
* feel: | *POS + ''v'' = "consider, feel": ''vongv'' (consider strange = ''oudoksua'' in Finnish) | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head. When an adjective is used as a predicative, it comes before its head, but when as an attributive, it comes after. Adjective declension follows approximately the same rules as noun declension. Changes include mirroring onset into coda: ''notlu luwidh'''ulk''''' (at/near beautiful objects) | Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head. When an adjective is used as a predicative, it comes before its head, but when as an attributive, it comes after. Adjective declension follows approximately the same rules as noun declension. Changes include mirroring onset into coda: ''notlu luwidh'''ulk''''' (at/near beautiful objects) | ||
[[Sceptrian#Apophony|Apophony]] in the stressed syllable is used to indicate the gender: base for inanimate, first apophony with animate and second with abstract gender: ''eja luwuudh, doth luwidh, tes luwidh'' | |||
Polite adjectives are formed from the abstract form with predicative prefix ''nga'' and attributive suffix ''æ'' | Polite adjectives are formed from the abstract form with predicative prefix ''nga'' and attributive suffix ''æ'' | ||
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===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
Adverbs are derived from | Adverbs are derived from adjectives through second apophony and | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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| ó | | ó | ||
| hó | | hó | ||
| | | (o) | ||
| l | | l | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*PRES, PST, FUT agent & patient (employer vs. employee) (passivity?) tekemä, tehty | *PRES, PST, FUT agent & patient (employer vs. employee) (passivity?) tekemä, tehty | ||
*already in [[Sceptrian#Adjective|derivations]] | |||
'''Gerundives''' | '''Gerundives''' | ||
* (merged auxiliary verbs as prefixes): can, be permitted, should, must | * (merged auxiliary verbs as '''prefixes'''): can, be permitted, should, must | ||
Relative form with word-order and prefix? | Relative form with word-order and prefix? | ||
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==Lexicon== | ==Lexicon== | ||
*''baku'' table | |||
*''batop'' language | *''batop'' language | ||
*''dhoku'' head | *''dhoku'' head | ||
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*''eja'' day | *''eja'' day | ||
*''eva'' light | *''eva'' light | ||
*''fkos'' nest | |||
*''gat'' jug | |||
*''glerk'' mace | |||
*''joqó'' disgust | *''joqó'' disgust | ||
*''kamps'' marsh | |||
*''karon'' soup | |||
*''kat'' knob | |||
*''katpas'' fern | |||
*''kep'' wash | *''kep'' wash | ||
*''keslan'' blood | *''keslan'' blood | ||
*''kos'' tree | *''kos'' tree | ||
*''koson'' wood | *''koson'' wood | ||
*''ksaru'' guard | |||
*''kusu'' friend | *''kusu'' friend | ||
*''kuth'' dog | *''kuth'' dog | ||
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*''mel'' water | *''mel'' water | ||
*''muf'' fish | *''muf'' fish | ||
*''nang'' sweat | |||
*''nat'' stain | |||
*''not'' object | *''not'' object | ||
*''óomi'' largeness | *''óomi'' largeness | ||
*''paata'' separation | |||
*''pof'' feather | *''pof'' feather | ||
*''prn'' wagon | |||
*''qot'' rock | *''qot'' rock | ||
*''qoton'' stone | *''qoton'' stone | ||
*''shosleetha'' knight | |||
*''stak'' fence | |||
*''su'' it/he? | *''su'' it/he? | ||
*''ta'i'' past | |||
*''tai'' for long | |||
*''tes'' eye | *''tes'' eye | ||
*''tihtóhnah'' assassinator | |||
*''tlaf'' sprig | |||
*''tlsl'' shallow | |||
*''trk'' smith | |||
*''tsagadhet'' bureau | |||
*''tsma'' doubt | |||
*''tup'' stick | *''tup'' stick | ||
*''ukop'' north | *''ukop'' north | ||
*''vakuh'' hand | *''vakuh'' hand | ||
*''vang'' drink.N | *''vang'' drink.N | ||
*''voq'' strange thing | |||
*''zurmu'' strong person | *''zurmu'' strong person | ||