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Sceptrian: Difference between revisions
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The liquids ''r'' and ''l'' can appear as '''syllabic consonants''': tlsl /tˡl̩ɬ/ (shallow), | The liquids ''r'' and ''l'' can appear as '''syllabic consonants''': tlsl /tˡl̩ɬ/ (shallow), prk /pr̩k/ (wagon) and trs /tr̩s/ (smith) | ||
*In eastern dialects, ''pr'' is realized as /ʙ/ | *In eastern dialects, ''pr'' is realized as /ʙ/ | ||
*Fricatives show properties of syllabic consonants word-initially and word-finally. | *Fricatives show properties of syllabic consonants word-initially and word-finally. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Ablative | ! style=""| Ablative | ||
| ApA || AplA || ipi || Fp || Fpl || Nop || Nopl || upu || uplu || PPo || PPol || lp | | ApA || AplA || ipi || Fp(o) || Fpl(o) || Nop || Nopl || upu || uplu || PPo || PPol || lp | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style=""| Vocative | ! style=""| Vocative | ||
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====Noun==== | ====Noun==== | ||
*place, region: | |||
*collection, group: ABS.PL receives '' | Many nouns share same origins and these endings are the most common forms of derivation: | ||
*being, person, creature | *place, region, nearby area: abstract with LOC with ''sk''-ending; fricative and ''u''-ending ABS.PL with final ''t''; nasal ABS.PL with final ''ku''; plosive ABS.PL and ''l''-declension receive an ''s''-suffix | ||
*collection, group: ABS.PL receives ''óf'' in animate ''óp'' in inanimate class; ''mulfóf'' (school of fish) | |||
*being, person, creature: ABS with ''(o)s'': ''trs'' (smith; compare ''trk'' "smithy") | |||
**doer, agent: ERG with ''tu'': ''kepeetu'' (washer) | **doer, agent: ERG with ''tu'': ''kepeetu'' (washer) | ||
**experiencer, patient: ABS with ''(k) | **experiencer, patient: ABS with ''(k)ois'': ''kepois'' (one being washed) | ||
**origin: ABL with ''(o)su'': ''ukopposu'' (person from north) | **origin: ABL with ''(o)su'': ''ukopposu'' (person from north) | ||
**characteristic: | **characteristic (from abstract quality): INS with final duplicated vowel and ''tu'': ''luwishitu'' (beauty) | ||
*material: ABS with ''(o)n'' (AN) or ''(o)l'' (INAN): ''koson'' (wood), ''qotol'' (stone) | *material: ABS with ''(o)n'' (AN) or ''(o)l'' (INAN): ''koson'' (wood), ''qotol'' (stone) | ||
*diminutive: reduplication of final sound with ''t'' between vowels and ''i'' between consonants: ''kosis'' (small tree) | *diminutive: reduplication of final sound with ''t'' between vowels and ''i'' between consonants: ''kosis'' (small tree) | ||
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**apotheosis: augmentative with ''a''-ending: ''kosonana'' (godwood) | **apotheosis: augmentative with ''a''-ending: ''kosonana'' (godwood) | ||
*abstract quality, feature: ABS suffixed with ''(k)oti'': ''dothoti'' (manliness) | *abstract quality, feature: ABS suffixed with ''(k)oti'': ''dothoti'' (manliness) | ||
*'''gerund''' (act of doing): via derivated [[Sceptrian#Verb|verb]] suffixed with ''(o)pi'': ''glerkurpi'' (mace-battering) | |||
====Adjective==== | ====Adjective==== | ||
Different cases and affixes are used for the derivation: | |||
*similarity, having something: ''dh'' suffix to abstract gender and animate ''u''-ending; voicing of fricatives (''h→qh'', no change with affricates); nasals [[Sceptrian#Consonant_form|"lateralized"]] + ''o''; voicing of plosives + ''o'' (''q→g''); l-declension as in INS-COM: ''evadh'' (bright), ''dodh'' (masculine) | *similarity, having something: ''dh'' suffix to abstract gender and animate ''u''-ending; voicing of fricatives (''h→qh'', no change with affricates); nasals [[Sceptrian#Consonant_form|"lateralized"]] + ''o''; voicing of plosives + ''o'' (''q→g''); l-declension as in INS-COM: ''evadh'' (bright), ''dodh'' (masculine) | ||
**full of, having something: previous suffixed with ''ol'': ''mel muvol'' (waters full of fish) | **full of, having something: previous suffixed with ''ol'': ''mel muvol'' (waters full of fish) | ||
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*requiring: LOC with ''rt'': ''kepurt'' (needs to be washed) | *requiring: LOC with ''rt'': ''kepurt'' (needs to be washed) | ||
*opposite, negation: VOC with ''tot'' | *opposite, negation: VOC with ''tot'' | ||
Notice that plural forms of adjectives may be derived from plural nouns: ''dolth kep'''s'''on'' (men who are washing) | |||
====Verb==== | ====Verb==== | ||
A declined core noun receives an ending which describes how the verb reflects the noun: | |||
*ABS = "happens, is": ''kep'' (washes) | *ABS = "happens, is": ''kep'' (washes) | ||
*COM = "using": ''tuph'' (pokes with a stick) | *COM = "using": ''tuph'' (pokes with a stick), ''glerkh'' () | ||
*POS + ''k'' = "similarity": ''melonk'' (is wet) | *POS + ''k'' = "similarity": ''melonk'' (is wet) | ||
*DAT + ''k'' = "making/becoming" (no ''k'' with Abstract): ''zurmu'' → ''zurmjik'' (strong person.AN → strengthen.3SG.INAN.GNO), ''zurp'' → ''zurpeik'' (strong, durable object.IN → hardens) & ''zurma'' → ''zurmak'' (strength → intensifies) | *DAT + ''k'' = "making/becoming" (no ''k'' with Abstract): ''zurmu'' → ''zurmjik'' (strong person.AN → strengthen.3SG.INAN.GNO), ''zurp'' → ''zurpeik'' (strong, durable object.IN → hardens) & ''zurma'' → ''zurmak'' (strength → intensifies) | ||
*LAT + ''t'' = ''movement'': ''melot'' (flows) | *LAT + ''t'' = ''movement'': ''glerkóot'' (swings a mace), ''melot'' (flows) | ||
*LOC + ''r'' = "frequentative": ''glerkur'' (batters with a mace) | *LOC + ''r'' = "frequentative": ''glerkur'' (batters with a mace), ''melur'' (rains; drips) | ||
*VOC + ''k'' = "momentane": ''glerkék'' (hits once with a mace) | *VOC + ''k'' = "momentane": ''glerkék'' (hits once with a mace), ''melék'' (splashes once) | ||
*POS + ''v'' = "consider, feel": ''vongv'' (consider strange = ''oudoksua'' in Finnish) | *POS + ''(o)v'' = "consider, feel": ''vongv'' (consider strange = ''oudoksua'' in Finnish) | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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missing verbs: | missing verbs: | ||
*"to be": apposition '' | *"to be": apposition ''trs doth'' (a man is a smith) vs. ''doth trs'' (the smith-man, the smith (who) is a man); predicative before ''luwidh doth'' (a man is beautiful) vs. attributive after ''doth luwidh'' (a beautiful man) | ||
**Emphasizing ''ma'': '' | **Emphasizing ''ma'': ''trs dothma'' (it is the man who is a smith) | ||
* "to have": various [[Sceptrian#Possessive_affixes|possessive forms]], e.g. ''soput | * "to have": various [[Sceptrian#Possessive_affixes|possessive forms]], e.g. ''soput trsor dothi'' ("profession of a smith for the man") | ||
====Conjugation==== | ====Conjugation==== | ||
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| +ho | | +ho | ||
|} | |} | ||
* initial l in endings is for lateralization of the final plosive | * initial ''l'' in endings is for lateralization of the final plosive | ||
* initial h is for aspiration of the final plosive | * initial ''h'' is for aspiration of the final plosive or simply ''h'' after a vowel | ||
**if the final plosive is already breathy, ''o'' is added after it | |||
*+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration | *+ indicates voicing of the final consonant together with aspiration | ||
**simple ''h'' becomes ''qh'' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" | ||
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}} | }} | ||
Antipassive construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SV(O), and the verb is conjugated according to the agent and is suffixed with the emphasizing clitic ''ma'' in the formal register. | '''Antipassive''' construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SV(O), and the verb is conjugated according to the agent and is suffixed with the emphasizing clitic ''ma'' in the formal register. | ||
{{Gloss | {{Gloss | ||
|phrase = Doth ónzait(ma) (pofos). | |phrase = Doth ónzait(ma) (pofos). | ||
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}} | }} | ||
Ideas: Instrument and turning it into an agent | Ideas: Instrument and turning it into an agent: | ||
* ''Ónzaiton dothee pof vakuhosozh.'' (...with his own hand...) | * ''Ónzaiton dothee pof vakuhosozh.'' (...with his own hand...) | ||
**''Ónzaiton pof | **''Ónzaiton pof vakuhp dothir.'' (the feather is raised by the man's feather) | ||
**''Onzaiton pof tuph dothi'''sh''' slokli.'' (A feather is being lifted with the man's stick for them.) Inanimate agent conjugation, and DAT inflected! | **''Onzaiton pof tuph dothi'''sh''' slokli.'' (A feather is being lifted with the man's stick for them.) Inanimate agent conjugation, and DAT inflected to avoid misinterpretation! | ||
* ''Vakuh ónzait pofos.'' (a hand lifts the feather)/(someone intentionally lifts the feather with their hand) Notice animate conjugation! | * ''Vakuh ónzait pofos.'' (a hand lifts the feather)/(someone intentionally lifts the feather with their hand) Notice animate conjugation! | ||
**''Tup onzait pofos dothpo.'' (a stick, which is being held by a man, lifts the feather) ABL as causative. | **''Tup onzait pofos dothpo.'' (a stick, which is being held by a man, lifts the feather) ABL as causative since inanimate ''tup''. | ||
====Non-finite forms==== | ====Non-finite forms==== | ||
'''Gerund''' | '''Gerund''' | ||
*Base nouns or their abstract variants serve as gerunds which describe the action | *Base nouns or their abstract variants may serve as gerunds, which describe the action of doing, but otherwise they are created with the suffix ''(o)pi'' added to a verb root. | ||
'''Infinitives''' | '''Infinitives''' | ||
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'''Participles''' | '''Participles''' | ||
* | *Mentioned already in [[Sceptrian#Adjective|derivations]] | ||
**more? | |||
'''Gerundives''' | '''Gerundives''' | ||
* (merged auxiliary verbs as '''prefixes'''): can, be permitted, should, must | * (merged auxiliary verbs as '''prefixes'''): can, be permitted, should, must | ||
*used with ...(?) | |||
Relative form with word-order and prefix? | Relative form with word-order and prefix? | ||
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*VAO usually, SV(O) in antipassive | *VAO usually, SV(O) in antipassive | ||
*adjectives precede nouns | * possessives follow nouns | ||
* predicative adjectives precede and attributive ones come after nouns | |||
===Clauses=== | ===Clauses=== | ||
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====Noun clauses==== | ====Noun clauses==== | ||
Infinitive.tense + ... + causatives: ''Tesosan kepó vakuhos supe.'' (I see that he washes his hands) vs. ''Onluvakan kep'''óo''' vakuhos supe.'' (The washing of his hands brings me pleasure.) | WIP ... to be redone | ||
*Infinitive.tense + ... + causatives: ''Tesosan kepó vakuhos supe.'' (I see that he washes his hands) vs. ''Onluvakan kep'''óo''' vakuhos supe.'' (The washing of his hands brings me pleasure.) | |||
====Relative clauses==== | ====Relative clauses==== | ||
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==Lexicon== | ==Lexicon== | ||
*'' | *''bak'' table | ||
*''batop'' language | *''batop'' language | ||
*''dhoku'' head | *''dhoku'' head | ||
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*''glerk'' mace | *''glerk'' mace | ||
*''joqó'' disgust | *''joqó'' disgust | ||
*''kamps'' marsh | *''kamps'' marsh, swamp | ||
*''karon'' soup | *''karon'' soup | ||
*''kat'' knob | *''kat'' knob, handle | ||
*''katpas'' fern | *''katpas'' fern | ||
*''kep'' wash | *''kep'' wash, act of washing | ||
*''keslan'' blood | *''keslan'' blood | ||
*''kos'' tree | *''kos'' tree | ||
*''koson'' wood | *''koson'' wood (also ''kosoń'') | ||
*''ksaru'' guard | *''ksaru'' guard | ||
*''kusu'' friend | *''kusu'' friend | ||
*''kuth'' dog | *''kuth'' dog | ||
*''lutu'' woman | |||
*''luva'' pleasure | *''luva'' pleasure | ||
*''luwi'' beauty | *''luwi'' beauty | ||
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*''paata'' separation | *''paata'' separation | ||
*''pof'' feather | *''pof'' feather | ||
*'' | *''prk'' wagon | ||
*''qot'' rock | *''qot'' rock | ||
*''qoton'' stone | *''qoton'' stone | ||
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*''tlaf'' sprig | *''tlaf'' sprig | ||
*''tlsl'' shallow | *''tlsl'' shallow | ||
*''trk'' smith | *''trk'' smithy | ||
*''trs'' smith | |||
*''tsagadhet'' bureau | *''tsagadhet'' bureau | ||
*''tsma'' doubt | *''tsma'' doubt | ||