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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Sample sentences|218 sample sentences]]<br/> | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Sample sentences|218 sample sentences]]<br/> | ||
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Names|Names]]<br/> | [[{{PAGENAME}}/Names|Names]]<br/> | ||
[[ | [[Scellan/Scellan|Fia dlog dy Sgewlib (This page in Scellan)]] | ||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
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|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = að Eevo, a łynǿñ Eevo | |nativename = að Eevo, a łynǿñ Eevo | ||
|pronunciation={{small|Fyxoomian:}} /ə piˈrits ˈaivɔ/<br/>{{small| | |pronunciation={{small|Fyxoomian:}} /ə piˈrits ˈaivɔ/<br/>{{small|Scellan (Alcvean):}} /ˈə pɪˈrɪts ˈevɔ/ | ||
|speakers=400 million | |speakers=400 million | ||
|date=13b0dd | |date=13b0dd | ||
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|iso3=qee | |iso3=qee | ||
|script=Talmic script | |script=Talmic script | ||
|nation= | |nation=Scella, Fyxoom, ... | ||
|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
''' | '''Scellan''' ''SKEL-ən'' (natively ''Sgewlib'' {{small|Fyxoomian:}} /ˈskœ̃ˁʟip/; {{small|Scellan (Alcvean):}} /ˈskɛːʟip/, [[Windermere]]: ''brits Scela''), in-universe often called '''Eevo''' ''AY-voh'' ({{small|Fyxoomian:}} /ˈaivɔ/; {{small|Scellan (Alcvean):}} /ˈevɔ/; from [[Tigol]] ''é-'' 'common' + ''bó'' 'language'), is a [[Talmic language]] belonging to the Tigolic branch. Scellan is modern [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]'s lingua franca, the third-most widely spoken language (after [[Hetomic]] and [[Clofabosin]]) and the most widely spoken Quame language. Its vocabulary has been influenced by many languages, most of all by [[Lakovic]] classical languages [[Windermere]] and [[Tseer]]. Typologically, Scellan is a mostly analytic, topic-prominent, head-initial, usually V2 language. | ||
The genesis of the modern | The genesis of the modern Scellan language, dated to ca. fT 1792, is often credited to the Scellan philosopher and poet Oovsari Vyhalv. Scellan constituted a rejection of Mărotłism which used [[Tigol]] as a liturgical language; it prefers to cognatize Tigol words rather than borrowing them directly. The name ''Eevo'' refers to its origins as a Scellan koiné. Modern Scellan has been a living language for about 500 years, approximately fT 1792-2292. | ||
Scellan is official in the [[Talma]]n nation of [[Verse:Tricin/Scella|Scella]] (''Sgewla'') ''SKEL-ə''. It is also de facto official in [[Verse:Tricin/Fyxoom|Fyxoom]] ''fə-SHOME'', [[Verse:Tricin/Þrwhas|Þrwhas]] ''THROO-həs'', and many other countries. | |||
Scellan is inspired by Icelandic, Welsh, Hmong (orthography-wise; the word for 'people, folk' is ''hmoob'', in fact), English (especially Philadelphian and Scottish English), Khmer, and Gaelic. | |||
{{Eevo sidebar}} | {{Eevo sidebar}} | ||
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*How much are adjectives like verbs? What tense markers can they take? | *How much are adjectives like verbs? What tense markers can they take? | ||
*The "21 accents" of | *The "21 accents" of Scellan | ||
*(Sometimes misleading) nationality descriptors - like ''french fries'' or ''English horn'' in English | *(Sometimes misleading) nationality descriptors - like ''french fries'' or ''English horn'' in English | ||
*Vowel changes before /χ/ | *Vowel changes before /χ/ | ||
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===Grammatical history=== | ===Grammatical history=== | ||
Many of the most drastic changes from Old | Many of the most drastic changes from Old Scellan are a result of rapid "creolization" as a result of second-language speakers learning the language. | ||
*[[Tigol]] nouns, verbs and adjectives were drastically simplified. Nouns and verbs no longer inflect for person; adjectives no longer agree with nouns. | *[[Tigol]] nouns, verbs and adjectives were drastically simplified. Nouns and verbs no longer inflect for person; adjectives no longer agree with nouns. | ||
*Loss of grammatical gender | *Loss of grammatical gender | ||
*A new sgv-plv-col system arises, marked by determiners. Definiteness is lost. | *A new sgv-plv-col system arises, marked by determiners. Definiteness is lost. | ||
*Old | *Old Scellan mutations were lost under the influence of Windermere. | ||
*Development of split ergativity. | *Development of split ergativity. | ||
*Development of topic-comment syntax. | *Development of topic-comment syntax. | ||
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==Background== | ==Background== | ||
:''See also: [[Talmic languages]], [[Thensarian]], [[Tigol]], [[Middle | :''See also: [[Talmic languages]], [[Thensarian]], [[Tigol]], [[Middle Scellan]]'' | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants (''mosylisír'')=== | ===Consonants (''mosylisír'')=== | ||
Scellan has a slightly larger-than-average consonant inventory of about 27 consonants. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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*/h/ is often elided after a voiced consonant. | */h/ is often elided after a voiced consonant. | ||
====/Cj/ sequences==== | ====/Cj/ sequences==== | ||
*/sj, tsj/ become /ʃ tʃ/ in standard | */sj, tsj/ become /ʃ tʃ/ in standard Scellan: ''Slysjon'' /ˈsχəʃɔn/ 'April'. | ||
**In addition, ''zj dzj'' [ʒ tʃ˭] is used in loanwords. | **In addition, ''zj dzj'' [ʒ tʃ˭] is used in loanwords. | ||
*''lj'' /ʟj/ is viewed as a separate phoneme /j̃/ by people who analyze nasal vowels as vowel + /ʟ/ and may be pronounced [ɲ] by some speakers. | *''lj'' /ʟj/ is viewed as a separate phoneme /j̃/ by people who analyze nasal vowels as vowel + /ʟ/ and may be pronounced [ɲ] by some speakers. | ||
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todo: use vowel shift ee oo øø > /ai au ay/? | todo: use vowel shift ee oo øø > /ai au ay/? | ||
The vowel inventory of | The vowel inventory of Scellan is also fairly large, with 8 or 11 basic vowel qualities depending on the accent. Scellan also has many diphthongs, in addition to nasal vowels (in "nasal" accents such as Standard Fyxoomian; these vowels are written with ''l'' or ''ñ'' in the Scellan orthography). | ||
{{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
{{col-break}} | {{col-break}} | ||
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====Nasal vowels==== | ====Nasal vowels==== | ||
The nasal vowels /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃/ arose from historical V + /l/ and V + /ŋ/ sequences. In many accents they are also pharyngealized or diphthongized. Most accents merge some nasal vowels with each other or with other vowels. "Non-nasal" accents, such as the Standard (Alcvean) | The nasal vowels /ĩ ỹ ũ ẽ ø̃ ə̃ õ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃/ arose from historical V + /l/ and V + /ŋ/ sequences. In many accents they are also pharyngealized or diphthongized. Most accents merge some nasal vowels with each other or with other vowels. "Non-nasal" accents, such as the Standard (Alcvean) Scellan accent, realize them as long vowels (with no nasalization) - these accents may have "linking" and "intrusive L" realized as [ʁ] or [ɴ̆] analogous to linking and intrusive R in non-rhotic English accents. A handful of remote dialects pronounce them as pharyngealized vowels or vowels followed by [ɫ]. | ||
This is how nasal vowels are written in the orthography: | This is how nasal vowels are written in the orthography: | ||
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===Intonation=== | ===Intonation=== | ||
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older stages of the language, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few conservative accents in | {{SUBPAGENAME}} has a distinctive intonation paradigm. It originates from discursive uptalk in older stages of the language, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences. A few conservative accents in Scella do not use this pattern. | ||
*Topic noun phrases and subordinate clauses start low and gradually rise in pitch. | *Topic noun phrases and subordinate clauses start low and gradually rise in pitch. | ||
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===Accents=== | ===Accents=== | ||
:''Main article: [[ | :''Main article: [[Scellan/Accents]]'' | ||
===Pronouncing | ===Pronouncing Scellan words in English=== | ||
*An epenthetic schwa may be inserted for | *An epenthetic schwa may be inserted for Scellan clusters that English lacks. | ||
*Voiceless resonants may be pronounced as their voiced counterparts: /hm hn hŋ r̥/ → /m n ŋ r/. | *Voiceless resonants may be pronounced as their voiced counterparts: /hm hn hŋ r̥/ → /m n ŋ r/. | ||
**/χ, ç/ should be rendered [h] or [x]. | **/χ, ç/ should be rendered [h] or [x]. | ||
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==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
[[File: | [[File:Scellan script.png|thumbnail|500px|Scellan alphabet]] | ||
Scellan is written in the version of the Talmic alphabet, which is related to the Talman Windermere script. The Scellan alphabet has 30 letters. | |||
Stress accent is not marked. (However, in materials for English speakers we will mark stress.) | Stress accent is not marked. (However, in materials for English speakers we will mark stress.) | ||
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The letters ''l'' and ''ñ'' are only distinguished word-initially and at the beginning of stressed syllables. | The letters ''l'' and ''ñ'' are only distinguished word-initially and at the beginning of stressed syllables. | ||
The sequences ''çm, çn, çl, çr'' are pronounced identically to ''hm, hn, ll, rr'' in most modern | The sequences ''çm, çn, çl, çr'' are pronounced identically to ''hm, hn, ll, rr'' in most modern Scellan accents, except that ''çm, çn, çr'' are [xm, xn, xr] in accents that have [x] for ''ç''. ''çł'' is also usually pronounced [hw]. | ||
In native Talmic words, final /p t k/ tend to be spelled ''b d g'', but the future tense suffix is always spelled ''-t''. | In native Talmic words, final /p t k/ tend to be spelled ''b d g'', but the future tense suffix is always spelled ''-t''. | ||
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===Numerals=== | ===Numerals=== | ||
Scellan uses a base-10 positional numeral system. The digits are as follows: | |||
ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
Scellan inflectional morphology tends to be simpler than most other Talmic languages; for example, it has no grammatical gender, no case, and no number inflection on nouns. | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular. | Verbs have little inflection, and the bulk of verbs are completely regular. | ||
Scellan preserves the [[Tigol]] tense system very well, but most of the forms have been replaced with analytic forms and particles. The following table roughly organizes the tense system of Modern Scellan as well as the regular forms for each in terms of principal parts (PRES = present stem; INF = infinitive; PST = past participle); These are not all of the possible tenses as different constructions can be combined, e.g. ''Tynd fa dy desg naw lly nee rree.'' 'I have been eating for three days.' | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ | |+Scellan tense system | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | | ! | | ||
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The present uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, ''Duvwñ, mol naw iar'' means "Teacher, I thank you". | The present uses the unmarked form of the verb followed by the subject. For example, ''Duvwñ, mol naw iar'' means "Teacher, I thank you". | ||
Archaic | Archaic Scellan (still used in some historical fiction) uses the following personal endings in the present tense: | ||
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
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====Conditional==== | ====Conditional==== | ||
The conditional uses the suffix ''-ð''. It continues the Old | The conditional uses the suffix ''-ð''. It continues the Old Scellan past subjunctive. | ||
The conditional must be used when using the word ''matósg'' 'almost' in the past tense. | The conditional must be used when using the word ''matósg'' 'almost' in the past tense. | ||
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====Future imperfective==== | ====Future imperfective==== | ||
The future imperfective uses the ''-t'' affix inherited from Old | The future imperfective uses the ''-t'' affix inherited from Old Scellan. It is used for: | ||
* events that will happen regularly or continually over a period of time in the future | * events that will happen regularly or continually over a period of time in the future | ||
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===Copula=== | ===Copula=== | ||
The copula is the most irregular verb in | The copula is the most irregular verb in Scellan. In the present tense, zero copula is used. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Scellan nouns do not inflect, even for number. For specific nouns, number is marked using articles and combined forms of determiners and possessive pronouns. | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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===Demonstratives=== | ===Demonstratives=== | ||
Scellan has a 4-way contrast in demonstratives: | |||
# near me, but not near you | # near me, but not near you | ||
# near us (inclusive) | # near us (inclusive) | ||
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==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
:''Main article: [[ | :''Main article: [[Scellan/Syntax]]'' | ||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Scellan's basic vocabulary is largely Talmic. However, a large portion of Scellan vocabulary (comparable to English) is borrowed, for example from [[Windermere]], [[Tseer]], or other languages (especially [[Naquian]], [[Swuntsim]], [[Ciètian]], [[Anbirese]], [[Häskä]], [[Netagin]]). This gives Scellan a rich array of synonyms. | |||
===Layers=== | ===Layers=== | ||
* Core Skellic + dialectal doublets | * Core Skellic + dialectal doublets | ||
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====Phrasal nouns==== | ====Phrasal nouns==== | ||
Scellan also has phrasal nouns: these are noun-preposition combinations that are stressed on the preposition. | |||
*beð ry (part of) = component | *beð ry (part of) = component | ||
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====Verbs==== | ====Verbs==== | ||
Old | Old Scellan prefixes remain productive in Modern Scellan. | ||
*''fr(a)-'' (usually pronounced /frə-/) was formerly only found in some frozen "causative" verbs but is gaining productivity in modern | *''fr(a)-'' (usually pronounced /frə-/) was formerly only found in some frozen "causative" verbs but is gaining productivity in modern Scellan. | ||
*''mi-'' is an affix similar to 'mis-, mal-' in English, also sometimes 'pseudo-'. | *''mi-'' is an affix similar to 'mis-, mal-' in English, also sometimes 'pseudo-'. | ||
*''ru-'' is a Clofabic affix meaning 'too much, over-'. | *''ru-'' is a Clofabic affix meaning 'too much, over-'. | ||
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** X one's way to... (used with a directional prefix) | ** X one's way to... (used with a directional prefix) | ||
====Phrasal verbs==== | ====Phrasal verbs==== | ||
Scellan has phrasal verbs like English does. | |||
====Adjectives==== | ====Adjectives==== | ||
*''-mell'' = '-ful', '-some' (lit. 'rich') | *''-mell'' = '-ful', '-some' (lit. 'rich') | ||
*''er-'' is a negating suffix of Talmic origin; it is most commonly used with Talmic adjectives. | *''er-'' is a negating suffix of Talmic origin; it is most commonly used with Talmic adjectives. | ||
*''-flen'' /-fʟɛn/ is an adjectival suffix with the same meaning as Korean ''-tapta'' and Japanese ''-rashii'': it means 'like an X is supposed to be' or 'like a typical X'. The suffix comes from Old | *''-flen'' /-fʟɛn/ is an adjectival suffix with the same meaning as Korean ''-tapta'' and Japanese ''-rashii'': it means 'like an X is supposed to be' or 'like a typical X'. The suffix comes from Old Scellan compound adjectives of the form ''X-fheileán'' (from ''feil'' 'name' + ''-án'' adjectivizer; i.e. 'like the name X' or 'worthy of the name X'). Some words with the suffix have undergone semantic shifts, e.g. carflen /ˈkʰarfʟɛn/ 'humane, moral, ethical' (from Old Scellan car "human" + -flen). | ||
*''-jon'' is similar to '-able', but it is ergative in that it can also be used for "able to [intransitive verb]". ex. ''feñgjon'' 'mortal, human (flowery)' < ''feñg'' 'die'. | *''-jon'' is similar to '-able', but it is ergative in that it can also be used for "able to [intransitive verb]". ex. ''feñgjon'' 'mortal, human (flowery)' < ''feñg'' 'die'. | ||
*''jy-'' (''jyn-'' before C) is a [[Windermere]] adjectival suffix. | *''jy-'' (''jyn-'' before C) is a [[Windermere]] adjectival suffix. | ||
*''-ol'' /-ɔ̃/ is an adjectival suffix of Talmic origin. | *''-ol'' /-ɔ̃/ is an adjectival suffix of Talmic origin. | ||
*''-on'' is a Talmic adjectival suffix, from Old | *''-on'' is a Talmic adjectival suffix, from Old Scellan -án (itself from Thensarian ''-aħnam'', Proto-Talmic ''*-aʁnəm''). | ||
*''-vað'' '-like' is another Talmic adjectival suffix. | *''-vað'' '-like' is another Talmic adjectival suffix. | ||
*''-wd'' = from Tigol ''-óid'' | *''-wd'' = from Tigol ''-óid'' | ||
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:''Tiar, ai bo am Aþéna, a tynd argíall na nwmyłléj ryn ja swad, twm cwllyn lly oclah...'' | :''Tiar, ai bo am Aþéna, a tynd argíall na nwmyłléj ryn ja swad, twm cwllyn lly oclah...'' | ||
:<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [tʰiəɾ, ai bɔ am aˈθɛnə, ə tʰənt aɾˈkiəχ nə numəwˈʟɛi ɾən jə suət, tʰum ˈkʰuχən χə okχəh] | :<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [tʰiəɾ, ai bɔ am aˈθɛnə, ə tʰənt aɾˈkiəχ nə numəwˈʟɛi ɾən jə suət, tʰum ˈkʰuχən χə okχəh] | ||
:<small> | :<small>Scellan (Alcve):</small> [tʰiːɾ, æː bɔ ʁ̃‿am aˈθɛnə, ə tʰənt ar̥ˈkiəχ nə numəwˈʟe ɾən jə suːt, tʰum ˈkʰuχən χə okχəh] | ||
:how, VOC COL person Athens, A PERF affect COM PL accuser GEN.1SG with 2PL, NEG can.1SG to deduce | :how, VOC COL person Athens, A PERF affect COM PL accuser GEN.1SG with 2PL, NEG can.1SG to deduce | ||
:How you, O Athenians, have been affected by my accusers, I cannot tell... | :How you, O Athenians, have been affected by my accusers, I cannot tell... | ||
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:''Bo slawb es dy bo hñyl mawr savísi, bo fehd øølyb, as bo jysn hwrðon a derþál ñe?'' | :''Bo slawb es dy bo hñyl mawr savísi, bo fehd øølyb, as bo jysn hwrðon a derþál ñe?'' | ||
:<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [pɔ sχaup əs tə bɔ ŋɔ̃ˁ mauɾ səˈvisi, pɔ fɛht œ̃ˁʁ̃əp, əs pɔ ˈjəsən ˈhuːɾəðɔn ə tɛɾˈθãˁ ŋɛ] | :<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [pɔ sχaup əs tə bɔ ŋɔ̃ˁ mauɾ səˈvisi, pɔ fɛht œ̃ˁʁ̃əp, əs pɔ ˈjəsən ˈhuːɾəðɔn ə tɛɾˈθãˁ ŋɛ] | ||
:<small> | :<small>Scellan (Alcve):</small> [pɔ sχɑup əs tə bɔ ŋ̊ɔ mɑuɾ səˈvɪsɪ, pɔ fɛht ˈoːʁəp, əs pɔ ˈjəsən ˈhuɾəðɔn ə tɛɾˈθɑː ŋɛ] | ||
:COL good Q in DET.COL trunk tree towering, DET.COL lake heaven and DET.COL mountain craggy DET reside 3PL | :COL good Q in DET.COL trunk tree towering, DET.COL lake heaven and DET.COL mountain craggy DET reside 3PL | ||
:Does good reside in the towering tree trunks, the heavenly lakes, the cragged peaks? | :Does good reside in the towering tree trunks, the heavenly lakes, the cragged peaks? | ||
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:''Ia, dy lwm hiar res a sdeevi ryñ.'' | :''Ia, dy lwm hiar res a sdeevi ryñ.'' | ||
:<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [iə, tə ʁ̃uːm hiəɾ ɾɛs ə ˈstɛɪvi ɾɔ̃ˁ] | :<small>Fyxoomian:</small> [iə, tə ʁ̃uːm hiəɾ ɾɛs ə ˈstɛɪvi ɾɔ̃ˁ] | ||
:<small> | :<small>Scellan (Alcve):</small> [iː, tə ʁum hiːɾ ɾɛs ə ˈstevɪ ɾɔ] | ||
:nay in interior 2SG GEN.2SG DET dwell GEN.it | :nay in interior 2SG GEN.2SG DET dwell GEN.it | ||
:Nay, it dwells within thyself. | :Nay, it dwells within thyself. | ||