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Griutungi: Difference between revisions
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===Differences Likely Due to Later Changes=== | ===Differences Likely Due to Later Changes=== | ||
* The final ''–t'' of the neuter interrogative pronoun (‘what’) was lost in Gothic, likely due to Coronal Consonant Deletion, but persists in [[Valthungian]], though it is possible that ''–t'' was lost initially and then later | * The final ''–t'' of the neuter interrogative pronoun (‘what’) was lost in Gothic, likely due to Coronal Consonant Deletion, but persists in [[Valthungian]], though it is possible that ''–t'' was lost initially and then later restored by analogy with other neuter nominative and accusative pronouns, determiners, and adjectives (e.g. ''it'', ''þat'', ''hit'', ''gōdat'', &c.) | ||
* Weak verbs in [[Valthungian]] show no trace of the d-reduplication that occurs in Gothic in the past tenses (e.g. Gothic ''kambidēdun'' ‘they combed’ versus Griutungi ''kambidun''). This is possibly | * Weak verbs in [[Valthungian]] show no trace of the d-reduplication that occurs in Gothic in the past tenses (e.g. Gothic ''kambidēdun'' ‘they combed’ versus Griutungi *''kambidun''). This is possibly ascribed to paradigmatic levelling, though it is likely that it was never manifested in the same manner that it was in Gothic. | ||
* Gothic has a small class of feminine nouns (sometimes called “i/ō-stems”) which follow the i-stem paradigm in the singular and the ō-stem in the plural. These nouns exclusively follow the i-stem in Valthungian. E.g. Gothic ''haims'', plural ''haimōs'', compared to Griutungi *''hǣms'', *''hǣmīs''. | * Gothic has a small class of feminine nouns (sometimes called “i/ō-stems”) which follow the i-stem paradigm in the singular and the ō-stem in the plural. These nouns exclusively follow the i-stem in Valthungian. E.g. Gothic ''haims'', plural ''haimōs'', compared to Griutungi *''hǣms'', *''hǣmīs''. | ||
* The genitive singular of feminine i- and ō-stem nouns and adjectives in Valthungian is ''–is'' instead of the expected ''**–as'' (e.g. Gothic ''qēnais'' ‘wife’s’, ''gibōs'' ‘gift’s’, but [[Valthungian]] ''kwēnis'', ''givis'', suggesting a Griutungi ''*kwēnis'' and ''*gibis''). This may be partially due to paradigmatic levelling, but it is assumed that at least the feminine i-stem paradigm in Griutungi was identical to the masculine in all cases except for the dative. | * The genitive singular of feminine i- and ō-stem nouns and adjectives in Valthungian is ''–is'' instead of the expected ''**–as'' (e.g. Gothic ''qēnais'' ‘wife’s’, ''gibōs'' ‘gift’s’, but [[Valthungian]] ''kwēnis'', ''givis'', suggesting a Griutungi ''*kwēnis'' and ''*gibis''). This may be partially due to paradigmatic levelling, but it is assumed that at least the feminine i-stem paradigm in Griutungi was identical to the masculine in all cases except for the dative. | ||
* Gothic shows an alternation in the comparative and superlative of adjectives where some take an ''ō-'' ending and other take ''i-''. Valthungian exclusively takes ''i-'' for comparison. It is unknown whether Griutungi used both forms. | * Gothic shows an alternation in the comparative and superlative of adjectives where some take an ''ō-'' ending and other take ''i-''. Valthungian exclusively takes ''i-'' for comparison. It is unknown whether Griutungi used both forms. | ||
* The numbers 70, 80, and 90 in Gothic took a different ‘tens’ form which does not appear in [[Valthungian]], though likely due to later analogy. Gothic ''sibuntēhund'' ‘70’, ''ahtautēhund'' ‘80’, ''niuntēhund'' ‘90’, but Griutungi *''sibuntigjus'', *''ahtǭtigjus'', *''niuntigjus''; Valthungian ''sivuntiǧis'', ''ātatiǧis'', ''njuntiǧis''. | * The numbers 70, 80, and 90 in Gothic took a different ‘tens’ form which does not appear in [[Valthungian]], though likely due to later analogy. Gothic ''sibuntēhund'' ‘70’, ''ahtautēhund'' ‘80’, ''niuntēhund'' ‘90’, but Griutungi *''sibuntigjus'', *''ahtǭtigjus'', *''niuntigjus''; Valthungian ''sivuntiǧis'', ''ātatiǧis'', ''njuntiǧis''. | ||
* [[Valthungian]] also has a curious “trial distributive,” ''þrǣ'', | * [[Valthungian]] also has a curious “trial distributive,” ''þrǣ'', analogous to the dual ''bǣ'' (Gothic ''bai''), though this is likely an innovation to the language well after Gothic times, rather than evidence of a Griutungi ''*þrǣ''. | ||