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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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====Nominal compounds==== | |||
Nominal compounds in Lifashian are built from the nominal stems involved and, in many cases, an interfix. There are a few possible interfixes used in standard Lifashian (dialects may behave differently) in building new nouns, the most common ones being ''-e-'', ''-a-'', and ''-i-''. In the standard, there is no choice: the interfix is determined by the declension and/or by the consonants at the junction. No interfix is used when the second stem begins with a vowel.<br/>Note that these rules only apply to compounding, not derivational morphology, where usually there is no interfix. | |||
Declension-determined interfixes depend on the declension of the first (left) stem: | |||
* First declension nouns always use ''-e-'' as interfix; e.g. ''yow'' "air" + ''bandar'' "port" > ''yowebandar'' "airport", except in the following case: | |||
** No interfix is used in a few cases depending on the consonants at the junction: if the first stem ends in ''-r'' or ''-l'' and the second stem begins with a stop, then no interfix is used (e.g. *argor (from Greek ''ἄργυρος'') + ''tufné'' "box" > ''argortufné'' "safe"); in the case of ''-r'', this also applies when the second stem begins with a fricative (e.g. ''esmér'' "south" + ''Sudán'' "Sudan" > ''esmérsudányás'' "South Sudanese"). No interfix is also used when the first stem ends in a vowel plus ''-f'' and the second begins in ''s-'' followed by a vowel (e.g. ''hazef'' "concert" + ''saráy'' "palace" > ''hazefsaráy'' "concert hall"). | |||
** Adjectival stems are considered, in compounding, as a subset of first declension nouns as they behave similarly. Most adjectives take ''-e-'' as their interfix '''instead''' of the ''-sy-'' formant (''durfosyás'' "right" + ''mulútá'' "opinion" > ''durfemulútá'' "orthodoxy"), but simple adjectives (root plus adjectival ending) take ''-a-'' instead (e.g. ''lengás'' "fast" + ''hér'' "road" > ''lengahér'' "freeway"). ''-wás'' adjectives substitute that ending with ''-u-'' (''mérwás'' "short" + ''dáman'' "skirt" > ''mérudáman'' "miniskirt"). | |||
*** Exceptions to the above rule are ''somals'' "all", which always has the compound form ''somal-'' with no interfix, and ''samás'' "same" whose compound form is ''samo-'' (but cf. ''samá-'' as the derivational stem). | |||
* Second declension nouns always use ''-a-'' as interfix, e.g. ''frenjá'' "kick" + ''balet'' "ball" > ''frenjabalet'' "football/soccer". | |||
* Third declension nouns use ''-e-'' (e.g. ''eselen'' "video" + ''kútlúkam'' "transmission" > ''eselekútlúkam'' "video streaming"), except in the following cases: | |||
** Nouns which have ''-y-'' before the ending substitute ''-yVM'' with ''-i-'' (even before vowels), e.g. ''giryam'' "work" + ''ojará'' "reward" > ''giriojará'' "wage". | |||
** Perso-Arabic borrowings ending in ''-n'' generally keep the ending and add the interfix after it, e.g. ''jahán'' "world" + ''rót'' "piece" > ''jahánerót'' "continent" | |||
* Fourth declension nouns use ''-or-'' as their interfix (cf. the genitive singular in ''-ors''), with the exception of the two nouns ''máté'' "mother" and ''faté'' "father" which generally use ''-ir-'' (as all fourth declension nouns do in derivational morphology); e.g. ''námé'' "book" + ''tufné'' "box" > ''námortufné'' "library"; ''máté'' "mother" + Pers. ''estân'' > ''mátirestán'' "homeland". | |||
* Fifth and sixth declension nouns use ''-i-''; e.g. ''bífené'' "life" + ''dánesy'' "knowledge" > ''bífenidánesy'' "biology"; ''patati'' "potato" + ''nangt'' "bread" > ''patatinangt'' "potato bread". | |||
There are various apparent exceptions to the rule, which can however either be traced back to compounds made in another language and then borrowed, or from Lifashian dialects with different interfix rules; technical jargon; or colloquial compounds. | |||
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