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Nankôre: Difference between revisions
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Quasi-incorporation may eventually evolve into full noun incorporation, as in the case of Nankôre's distant relatives, Minhast and Nahónda. Both exhibit full noun incorporation. Like Minhast and Nahónda, Nankôre adds the incorporated noun after the verb root, e.g. Minhast ''Ušnirumpakekaru'' << ''ušn-ruppumak-ek-ar-u'' (hit-face-3S.ABS+1S.ERG-PST.PFCT-TRANS) "I hit him in the face, I face-hit him", Nahónda ''klomenatsoyetolayo''<< ''kloma-natsoye-Ø-t-ola-yo'' (speak-wisdom-3S.PT-1S.AGT-PST-AGT) "I gave him counsel, I wisdom-speak to him. Most languages that exhibit noun incorporation attach the incorporated noun ''before'' the verb root; placement of the incorporated noun after the root is rare among incorporating languages. The process by which Nankôre performs pseudo-incorporation, namely by placing the O-argument ''between'' the primary verb and auxiliary verbs, may explain why Minhast and Nahónda place their incorporated nouns after the verb. Proto-Nahenic may have also placed a quasi-incorporated noun after the primary verb but before the auxiliary verb, an order which the descendant languages preserved. | Quasi-incorporation may eventually evolve into full noun incorporation, as in the case of Nankôre's distant relatives, Minhast and Nahónda. Both exhibit full noun incorporation. Like Minhast and Nahónda, Nankôre adds the incorporated noun after the verb root, e.g. Minhast ''Ušnirumpakekaru'' << ''ušn-ruppumak-ek-ar-u'' (hit-face-3S.ABS+1S.ERG-PST.PFCT-TRANS) "I hit him in the face, I face-hit him", Nahónda ''klomenatsoyetolayo''<< ''kloma-natsoye-Ø-t-ola-yo'' (speak-wisdom-3S.PT-1S.AGT-PST-AGT) "I gave him counsel, I wisdom-speak to him. Most languages that exhibit noun incorporation attach the incorporated noun ''before'' the verb root; placement of the incorporated noun after the root is rare among incorporating languages. The process by which Nankôre performs pseudo-incorporation, namely by placing the O-argument ''between'' the primary verb and auxiliary verbs, may explain why Minhast and Nahónda place their incorporated nouns after the verb. Proto-Nahenic may have also placed a quasi-incorporated noun after the primary verb but before the auxiliary verb, an order which the descendant languages preserved. | ||
Constituents can also be backgrounded. An O argument can be moved from its usual preverbal position to an intervening position between the main verb and auxiliary. This form of backgrounding, available only to O arguments, is known as Quasi-Noun Incorporation (QNI). It serves discourse functions similar to full noun incorporation found in its Minhast and Nahónda relatives, backgrounding the incorporated NP, decreasing valency, and providing additional specificity to the semantics of the main verb. The following example of compares and contrasts the default SOV<sub>1</sub>V<sub>2</sub> word order, with that of a SV<sub>1</sub>OV<sub>2</sub>: | |||
*Default SOV<sub>1</sub>V<sub>2</sub> Order | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Makse rihat tayôreno ta'itá | |||
|IPA = /'makʃɛ̯ ɾi'hat ta'yo:reno taʔɪt'aʔ/ | |||
| morphemes = makse rihat ta=yôre=no ta-itá-ʔ | |||
| gloss = mouse.LA falcon.HA INV=bite=SEM INV-HS.COP-LS | |||
| translation = The mouse bit the falcon. | |||
}} | |||
*Quasi-Noun Incorporation, SV<sub>1</sub>OV<sub>2</sub> Order | |||
{{Gloss | |||
|phrase = Makse yôreno rihat 'itá' | |||
|IPA = /'makʃɛ̯ 'yo:reno ɾi'hat taʔɪt'aʔ/ | |||
| morphemes = makse yôre=no rihat ∅-itá-ʔ | |||
| gloss = mouse.LA bite=SEM falcon DIR-COP-LS | |||
| translation = The mouse falcon-bit. | |||
}} | |||
Quasi-noun incorporation, like the full noun incorporation found in Nankôre's relatives, Minhast and Nahónda, lowers valency, transforming transitive clauses to intransitive clauses. '''The use of the Inverse marker is no longer needed''', as the incorporated noun has been reduced to an adjunct. As such, the incorporated noun no longer occupies a core position. Decreasing the clause's valency reduces the saliency of the incorporated noun. | |||
====Comparatives and Superlatives==== | ====Comparatives and Superlatives==== | ||