Verse:Irta/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

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== Irta Modern Hebrew ==
== Irta Modern Hebrew ==
Used as a Jewish vernacular in Irta America, Canada and Jewish communities in the Levant (the State of Israel isn't a thing in Irta)
{{main|Verse:Irta/Modern Hebrew}}
 
Should be mutually intelligible with our Modern Hebrew speakers, though it may sound a bit flowery. In Cualand it's called "French Hebrew" (or עברית צרפתית ''ivris tsarfåsis'' which may also refer to the traditional Tsarfati reading of Hebrew) and is sometimes made fun of.
 
The standard variety today is an artificial compromise accent between Irta Yevani Hebrew and Tsarfati Hebrew, with an Ăn Yidiș-influenced accent and grammar; it does not merge patach and qamatz gadol unlike Irta Yevani Hebrew. Formal Hebrew is less of an Ăn Yidiș relex, and recent spoken Hebrew's more of an English relex and is becoming closer to Cualand Hebrew or our Israeli Hebrew.
 
* Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [(ʔ) b~p⁼ v g~k⁼ ɣ~ʁ d̪~t̪⁼~ð d̪~t̪⁼~ð h v z̪ x~χ t̪ʰ~θ j kʰ x~χ l m n s̪ (ʔ) pʰ f t̪s̪{{asp}} kʰ ɻ~ɹˠ ʃ t̪ʰ~θ t̪ʰ~θ]
* Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e̞ e̞ æ~a ɑ~ɒ~ʌ o̞ o̞ u Ø~e̞ æ e̞ o̞]
* /r/ is alveolar or retroflex and usually an approximant.
* tav~tet /t̪ʰ/ and dalet /d̪/ have postvocalic allophones [θ] and [ð] (which don't correspond to dagesh)
* Irta Modern Hebrew pronounces he mappiq (final /h/) and doesn't have the /-ɑh/ > /-hɑ/ metathesis like our Israeli Hebrew.
* Intonation is similar to our Cork Irish
 
Grammatically, it is SVO like our Israeli Hebrew, but sometimes prefers Ăn Yidiș syntax, e.g.
* much more willing to use אין for negation in the present tense; (איני, אינך in non-3rd person, אין הוא, אין היא in 3rd person); in our IH these forms are formal/written (bc Gaelic negation comes before subject pronouns). /(ze) lo æ'ni/ is a focus construction 'It's not me that...', and אין אני /en æ'ni/ in non  3rd person are solemn.
* Irish/Ăn Yidiș calques in some common expressions
** The following are used instead of בבקשה for 'please':
*** עם רצונך /im ɹətsʰonˈxɑ/ (lit. 'with your will', a calque of ''lă dă-thel'') or אם זה רצונך /im ze ɹətsʰonˈxɑ/  (''mă șe dă-thel e'') 'please'
*** זה חייך /ze xæ'jexɑ/ (lit. 'it's your life', like ''șe dă-bhethă'') 'you're welcome'
*** הנה לך /hi'ne xæ'jexɑ/ (lit. 'this is to you', like ''șa did'') 'here you go'
** רצון איתי /ɹɑtsʰon i'θi/ 'I like' (''tel lum''), עדיף איתי /ɑ'ðif i'θi/ 'I prefer' (''fyor lum'')
*** More formally /æ'ni ɹo'tsʰe bə-/ = 'I like, I am pleased with', ''ani xofetz bă-'' 'I want'
*** Conversely using the verb אהב /ɑ'hæv/ is a little formal (more so than English ''love'') and is the equivalent of German ''lieben''. It's more common to hear חבב ''chavav'' for family, friends and lovers.
** /hɑjɑ ɹɑ'tsʰon i'θi/ 'I'd like'
** אפשר איתי /efʃɑɹ i'θi/ 'I can' (''efșăr lum'')
** You might hear /jeʃ li [LANGUAGE]/ for 'I speak [LANGUAGE]':
*** A: /kʰæ'bel eθ tʰeɹutsʰi, him jeʃ ləxɑ ɑzɑliθ/ 'Excuse me, do you speak English?'
*** B: /jeʃ/ 'I do.'/ /en/ 'I do not.'
* Question particles (/hæim~him/, /hæ-/ in more formal contexts) are usually retained. Questions don't have a different intonation from declarative sentences. Question marks are not usually used. Yes-no questions are usually answered by repeating the verb in the affirmative/negative. Present-tense copular questions (which have no verb), e.g. /him ʃo'meɹ ɑ'xixɑ æ'θɑ/ 'Are you your brother's keeper?' can be answered in the following ways (This is also true of sentences with a present tense verb):
** /ʃomeɹ ɑχi/ '(Yes, I am) my brother's keeper.' or ''lo šomėr åxi'' '(No, I am) not my brother's keeper.'
** /hinə'ni/ 'Yes, I am.' or /e'neni~e'ni/ 'I am not.'
** /hen/ 'indeed' or /lo/ 'no' (the least common)
* It also prefers some coincidentally Gaelic-sounding words, e.g. אַךְ /æx/ 'but' and שָׂשׂ /sɑs/ 'happy' (sounding like Judeo-Gaelic ''ach'' 'but' and ''sostă'' 'satisfied') instead of the synonyms אֲבָל /ævɑl/ and שָׂמֵחַ /sɑ'meæx/. כה /kʰo/ is as common as כל כך /kʰol'kʰɑx/ for 'so (ADJ)'.
* Tenses are similar to our Modern Hebrew tenses but the /hɑ'jɑ ox'el/ construction is more common.
** היה הוא אוכל = Past imperfective/progressive/conditional (corresponds to V'e ăg ith)
** הוא אוכל = Present
** הוא אכל = Past perfective
** הוא יאכל = Future
* Loazit /-tsʰjɑ/ '-tion' is borrowed directly from Latin ''-tiō'', via Ăn Yidiș/Tsarfati Hebrew ''-țyo''
* Prepositions can be weird, esp /æl/ 'on' and /im/ 'with' (mapped to Irish ''ar'' and ''le'')
* It's also as focus-prominent as Ăn Yidiș and Irish. Irishy cleft constructions are common.
* ani "I" is sometimes pronounced [ɪni]; this is a regionalism and is rare nowadays
* As in Goidelic, the relativizer and the complementizer are consistently distinguished (unlike in Mishnaic Hebrew); ש is always a relativizer
 
Names in non-Hebrew Jewish languages written in the Hebrew alphabet, such as [[Ăn Yidiș]], are usually spelled as in the original language.
* /kʰæðeɹex/ = 'directly', matched to Irish ''díreach''
* Ireland = אירין /e'ɹin/
* Irish person = איריני, איריניה, אירינים /eɹi'ni, eɹini'jɑ, eɹi'nim/
* Irish language = אירינית /eɹi'niθ/
* Hivantish = /hivæn'di, hivændi'jɑ, hivæn'dim; hivæn'diθ/
 
=== The original prescriptive accent ===
Consonants: /ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h w z ħ tˁ j k x l m n s ʕ p f sˁ q r ʃ t θ/ = [ʔ b v g ɣ d ð h v z ħ t⁼ j k⁼ x l m n s ʕ p⁼ f ts⁼ k⁼ r ʃ t⁼ θ]
 
Vowels: /i e ɛ a QG QQ o u (shva na) ḤP ḤS ḤQ/ = [i e ɛ æ ɑ ɔ o u œ æ ɛ ɔ]


== Yevani Hebrew ==
== Yevani Hebrew ==
IlL
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