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Lifashian: Difference between revisions
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* class V (reduplicated thematic), similar to class II but with a reduplicated initial, e.g. ''si-syej-ámi'' "I hold", ''si-ll-ámi'' "I sit"<ref>From PIE *sísd-oh₂-mi; the synchronic root is ''sel-'', as shown in derivations such as ''selt'' "seat", ''syaselman'' "council", ''farseléc'' "president" (the latter two calqued from Greek).</ref>. | * class V (reduplicated thematic), similar to class II but with a reduplicated initial, e.g. ''si-syej-ámi'' "I hold", ''si-ll-ámi'' "I sit"<ref>From PIE *sísd-oh₂-mi; the synchronic root is ''sel-'', as shown in derivations such as ''selt'' "seat", ''syaselman'' "council", ''farseléc'' "president" (the latter two calqued from Greek).</ref>. | ||
* class VI (-númi verbs), adding ''-nú-'' in the singular or ''-nu-'' in the plural to the root. In Lifashian they were more commonly generalized than in other IE languages. Examples include ''istá-nú-mi'' "I raise", ''tarf-nú-mi'' "I turn", ''di-nú-mi'' "I feed, nurture, nourish", ''lor-nú-mi'' "I dream". | * class VI (-númi verbs), adding ''-nú-'' in the singular or ''-nu-'' in the plural to the root. In Lifashian they were more commonly generalized than in other IE languages. Examples include ''istá-nú-mi'' "I raise", ''tarf-nú-mi'' "I turn", ''di-nú-mi'' "I feed, nurture, nourish", ''lor-nú-mi'' "I dream". | ||
* class VII (-émi), the most regular formation, adds ''-é-'' to the root. An original primary formation (PIE *-é-ye-), it is the second most common class, including common verbs such as e.g. ''pur-é-mi'' "I do, make", ''syál-é-mi'' "I fall", ''gil-é-mi'' "I see", ''far-é-mi'' "I tempt, allure, entice", ''syúˤd-é-mi'' (< *swe-dʰh₁-éye-mi) "I practice, do" | * class VII (-émi), the most regular formation, adds ''-é-'' to the root. An original primary formation (PIE *-é-ye-), it is the second most common class, including common verbs such as e.g. ''pur-é-mi'' "I do, make", ''syál-é-mi'' "I fall", ''gil-é-mi'' "I see", ''far-é-mi'' "I tempt, allure, entice", ''syúˤd-é-mi'' (< *swe-dʰh₁-éye-mi) "I practice, do"<br/>In Pre-Lifashian, it probably had a causative meaning which may be still found in doublets such as ''salémi'' "I sit down" vs. ''sillámi'' (class V) "I sit", or in more transparent ones such as transitive ''irésémi'' "I perfume" vs. ''irésámi'' (class II) "I smell good, pleasantly"; this latter doublet attests the productivity of the causative sense at the time, as the root is a borrowed one. | ||
* class VIII (-iyámi), a regular formation that adds ''-iy-'' to the root, from secondary PIE *-eye-. It includes many common verbs, and was analogically extended to form the past ''-iyam'' class, a Lifashian innovation. Class VII verbs include e.g. native ''pít-iy-ámi'' "I count, reckon" as well as various verbs formed from borrowed nominals such as ''bón-iy-ámi'' "I build", ''cóc-iy-ámi'' "I cradle", ''salát-iy-ámi'' "I pray". | * class VIII (-iyámi), a regular formation that adds ''-iy-'' to the root, from secondary PIE *-eye-. It includes many common verbs, and was analogically extended to form the past ''-iyam'' class, a Lifashian innovation. Class VII verbs include e.g. native ''pít-iy-ámi'' "I count, reckon" as well as various verbs formed from borrowed nominals such as ''bón-iy-ámi'' "I build", ''cóc-iy-ámi'' "I cradle", ''salát-iy-ámi'' "I pray". | ||