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In the spoken language and in informal writing, when used as auxiliary for the perfect, the present singular forms of the copula are ''syim, syi, e''.
In the spoken language and in informal writing, when used as auxiliary for the perfect, the present singular forms of the copula are ''syim, syi, e''.


Certain verbs may have irregular or multiple participles, most notably ''frálmi, farhálm'' (I become, became, also used as passive auxiliary), which has the historically contracted participle ''frálit'' as an auxiliary, and uncontracted ''farhelit'' as a standalone verb. Certain meanings may be conveyed by different roots and it is possible for a different root from the past and present to be preferred in the perfect: while "I do" and "I did" is most commonly ''purémi'' and ''parm'', the preferred participle for "done" is ''deˤt'' (actually cognate with English "do"), and not ''parit''.
Certain verbs may have irregular or multiple participles, most notably ''frálmi, farhálm'' (I become, became), which has the uncontracted participle ''farhelit'' as a standalone verb, but the historically contracted form ''frálit'' in its now obsolete usage as a passive auxiliary. Certain meanings may be conveyed by different roots and it is possible for a different root from the past and present to be preferred in the perfect: while "I do" and "I did" is most commonly ''purémi'' and ''parm'', the preferred participle for "done" is ''deˤt'' (actually cognate with English "do"), and not ''parit''.


====Past====
====Past====
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