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→Bi-Transitive Verbs
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===Bi-Transitive Verbs=== | ===Bi-Transitive Verbs=== | ||
Not to be confused with ditransitive verbs, which are merely verbs which take a direct and indirect object, bi-transitive verb construction is a unique feature in Modern Standard Imperial which is semantically more or less equivalent to a causative (though there are other types of causatives as well). These are verbs which are intransitive by default, but can be made transitive by adding an object. However, since the subject follows the verb in intransitive clauses, but precedes it in those containing a predicate, this set of verbs developed a context in which the subject becomes duplicated. E.g.: | |||
* ‘I know.’ | |||
*: ''[[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|Shatviè]] [[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|meu]].'' | |||
(Here there is no object, and so the subject follows the verb.) | |||
* ‘I know how to swim.’ | |||
*: (“I swimming know.”) | |||
*: ''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|Meu]] [[Contionary: rabva#Modern Standard Imperial|rabva]] [[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]].'' | |||
(Here there is a direct object, which triggers the sentence to revert back to its natural SOV order.) | |||
* ‘I teach.’ | |||
*: (“I know I” → “I cause knowing.”) | |||
*: ''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|Meu]] [[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]] [[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|meu]] .'' | |||
* ‘I teach you.’ | |||
*: (“I you know I” → “I cause you to know.”) | |||
*: ''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|Meu]] [[Contionary: vè#Modern Standard Imperial|vè]] [[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]] [[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|meu]] .'' | |||
* ‘I teach you how to swim.’ | |||
*: (“I you swim know I” → “I cause you to know how to swim.”) | |||
*: ''[[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|Meu]] [[Contionary: vè#Modern Standard Imperial|vè]] [[Contionary: rabva#Modern Standard Imperial|rabva]] [[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]] [[Contionary: meu#Modern Standard Imperial|meu]] .'' | |||
If the subject is a noun or noun phrase (rather than a pronoun), its equivalent pronoun will follow the verb. (A full noun can never follow a verb in Modern Standard Imperial.) | |||
* ‘That man teaches swimming.’ | |||
*: (“Man that knows swimming he.”) | |||
*: ''[[Contionary: rosha#Modern Standard Imperial|Rosha]] [[Contionary: ku#Modern Standard Imperial|ku]] [[Contionary: rabva#Modern Standard Imperial|rabva]] [[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]] [[Contionary: shva#Modern Standard Imperial|shva]] .'' | |||
Some other examples of bi-transitive causatives are: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
! Intransitive | |||
! Transitive | |||
! Bi-Transitive | |||
|- | |||
! ''[[Contionary: ati#Modern Standard Imperial|ati]]'' | |||
| to go | |||
| -- | |||
| to send (so sth) | |||
|- | |||
! ''[[Contionary: darrana#Modern Standard Imperial|darrana]]'' | |||
| to sit | |||
| to set (sth) | |||
| to seat (so) | |||
|- | |||
! ''[[Contionary: shatviè#Modern Standard Imperial|shatviè]]'' | |||
| to know | |||
| to know (sth) | |||
| to teach (so sth) | |||
|- | |||
! ''[[Contionary: thuri#Modern Standard Imperial|thuri]]'' | |||
| to come | |||
| -- | |||
| to bring (so sth) | |||
|- | |||
! ''[[Contionary: traya#Modern Standard Imperial|traya]]'' | |||
| to remain | |||
| -- | |||
| to leave (sth) behind | |||
|- | |||
! ''[[Contionary: veta#Modern Standard Imperial|veta]]'' | |||
| to see | |||
| to see (sth) | |||
| to understand | |||
|} | |||