Lámeyi languages: Difference between revisions

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Lámeyi languages (view source)

Revision as of 17:40, 23 April 2022

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Nouns declined for possession, the possessed form of three-syllable nouns causes syncope (the word ''*milʲate'' – “cloud” – isused as an example:
Nouns declined for possession, the possessed form of three-syllable nouns causes syncope (the word ''*milʲate'' – “cloud” – isused as an example:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan=2|  √<sub>MILʲ-T</sub>
! rowspan=2|  √<sub>MILʲT</sub>
! rowspan=2| Free  
! rowspan=2| Free  
! colspan=4| Possessed
! colspan=4| Possessed
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The marked form was likely used in a similar manner to a definite article, or a marked nominative case (if the proto-language had a marked nominative or active-stative alignment).
The marked form was likely used in a similar manner to a definite article, or a marked nominative case (if the proto-language had a marked nominative or active-stative alignment).


A system of verbal agreement is reconstructed for Proto-Lámeyi. Verbal agreement has disappeared in most Khad branches, as they innovated a different system, but was preserved in the Las language in particular. This is a topic of scholarly debate, however, and the existence of a complex verbal agreement system is disputed.  
A system of verbal agreement is reconstructed for Proto-Lámeyi. Verbal agreement has disappeared in most Khad branches, as they innovated a different system, but was preserved in the Las language in particular. This is a topic of scholarly debate, however, and the existence of a complex verbal agreement system is disputed. All verbs only had non-finite forms (or [[w:Participle|participles]]) and required a preceding (or following in case of optative) auxiliary verb with a meaning “to exist”. This was likely not the only finite verb, but all other finite forms have been completely lost, most likely because of their irregularity.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2|
! colspan=4| Singular
! colspan=3| Plural
|-
! 1st Obj.
! 2nd Obj.
! 3rd Obj.
! 4th Obj.
! 1st Obj.
! 2nd Obj.
! 3rd Obj.
|-
! rowspan=5| Sg.
|-
! 1st Subj.
| —
| *qik
| *qalʷ
| *qilʷ
| *qasʷa
| *qapʰa
| *qaldʷa
|-
! 2nd Subj.
| *kʲik
| —
| *kalʷ
| *kʲilʷ
| *kasʷa
| *kapʰa
| *kaldʷa
|-
! 3rd Subj.
| *haxʲik
| *ʔajikʰ
| —
| *haxʲilʷ
| *haxsʷa
| *ʔaspa
| *haḷtʷa
|-
! 4th Subj.
| *jik
| *jikʰ
| *jilʷ
| —
| *jisʷa
| *jipʰa
| *jildʷa
|-
! rowspan=4| Pl.
|-
! 1st Subj.
| —
| *huʟikʰ
| *ʔuʟalʷ
| *ʔuʟilʷ
| —
| *huxpʰa
| *huxtʷa
|-
! 2nd Subj.
| *piʟik
| —
| *piʟalʷ
| *piʟilʷ
| *piʟasʷa
| —
| *piʟaldʷa
|-
! 3rd Subj.
| *ʔalVlik
| *ʔalVlikʰ
| —
| *ʔalVlilʷ
| *haḷsʷa
| *haḷpʰa
| *haldʷa
|-
|}
The participles themselves only conjugated for aspect:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! √<sub>KINDL</sub>
! “to do”
! √<sub>NDAH</sub>
! “to see”
|-
! Imperfect
| *kaindulni
| “while doing”
| *ndahVni
| “while seeing”
|-
! Aorist
| *kaindulu *-waj
| “did”
| *ndahu *-waj
| “saw”
|-
! Perfect
| *qekindlu *-ʔan
| “having done”
| *qendahu *-ʔan
| “having seen”
|-
! Irrealis
| *kaindudai
| “will do”
| *ndaʔtai
| “will see”
|-
! Optative
| *kaindulpa *mu
| “ought to do”
| *ndahapa *mu
| “ought to see”
|-
|}
The dental infixes, ''*-n-'', ''*-tʰ-'', and ''*-lʲ-'', are widespread, but their semantics are difficult to reconstruct. These infixes were often incorporated into the roots they had once modified and later became non-productive.
The dental infixes, ''*-n-'', ''*-tʰ-'', and ''*-lʲ-'', are widespread, but their semantics are difficult to reconstruct. These infixes were often incorporated into the roots they had once modified and later became non-productive.


*'''''*-s-''''' – Sometimes this infix can be used with verbs as a marker of middle voice – a feature, preserved in Las. It can also appear in nouns, usually being a part of the ''*-ns-'' cluster.
*'''''*-n-''''' – This infix has a variety of functions, such as nominalising, detransitivising, and being a durative marker. The detransitivising form is rare, and has only been attested in Las.  
*'''''*-n-''''' – This infix has a variety of functions, such as nominalising, detransitivising, and being a durative marker. The detransitivising form is rare, and has only been attested in Las.  
*'''''*-tʰ-''''' – This suffix is used as a perfect marker in verbs. Other functions include verbalising noun roots and turning stative verbs into causative ones (the function it later lost completely in the Khad branch). In some cases, ''*-tʰ-'' appears to have no obvious function, such as in ''*lʷʰi-t-na'' “gemstone” (where the infix becomes “weak” because of the presence of a “strong” /lʷʰ/.
*'''''*-tʰ-''''' – This suffix is used as a perfect marker in verbs. Other functions include verbalising noun roots and turning stative verbs into causative ones (the function it later lost completely in the Khad branch). In some cases, ''*-tʰ-'' appears to have no obvious function, such as in ''*lʷʰi-t-na'' “gemstone” (where the infix becomes “weak” because of the presence of a “strong” /lʷʰ/.
*'''''*-s-''''' – Sometimes this infix can be used with verbs as a marker of middle voice – a feature, preserved in Las. It can also appear in nouns, usually being a part of the ''*-ns-'' cluster.
*'''''*-k-/-ŋg-''''' – The semantic function of the velar infix is unknown. It most likely had a distributive sense. It became incorporated into several pronominal forms in the Thad branch.
*'''''*-k(ʰ)-''''' – The semantic function of the velar infix is unknown. It most likely had a distributive sense. It became incorporated into several pronominal forms in the Thad branch.
*'''''ʔajV''''' – This proto-morpheme indicates motion or duration and can be attached to various roots to signify this meaning. This morpheme likely had the meaning “to go”, it became reduced to palatal late Lámeyi languages.
*'''''ʔajV''''' – This proto-morpheme indicates motion or duration and can be attached to various roots to signify this meaning. This morpheme likely had the meaning “to go”, it became reduced to palatal late Lámeyi languages.
*'''''*kʲV/ *sV''''' – Its purpose is mainly diminutive.
*'''''*kʲV/ *sV''''' – Its purpose is mainly diminutive.
*'''''wajV'''''  – It likely was a copula or an auxiliary verb (being similar to Proto-Mtari ''*be'' which became the optative marker), but later it was reduced to a suffix that occurs in roots carrying abstract grammatical meanings, such as pronouns.
*'''''wajV'''''  – It likely was a copula or an auxiliary verb (being similar to Proto-Mtari ''*be'', which became the optative marker; or to the copula ''wei'' in Meinqələr Kvetain), but later it was reduced to a suffix that occurs in roots carrying abstract grammatical meanings, such as pronouns. In Thad languages it became a part of the thematic verb paradigm (or the “é-verbs”).


==Later development==
==Later development==
Raistas
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