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Cumbraek: Difference between revisions
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→Pronouns
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====Pronouns==== | ====Pronouns==== | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 90px; " | | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Subject | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Object | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Possessive | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Infixed | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |1sg. | |||
| ''mi'' | |||
| ''-m'' | |||
| ''mu(n)<sup><small>N</small></sup> | |||
| '''m''<sup><small>N</small></sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |2sg | |||
| ''ti'' | |||
| ''-th''<sup><small>L</small></sup> | |||
| ''de''<sup><small>L</small></sup> (''je''<sup><small>L</small></sup>) | |||
| '''th''<sup><small>L</small></sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |3sg m. | |||
| ''ev'' | |||
| ''-y''<sup><small>H</small></sup>, ''-w''<sup><small>H</small></sup> | |||
| ''i''<sup><small>L</small></sup> | |||
| '''y''<sup><small>L</small></sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |3sg f. | |||
| ''hi'' | |||
| ''-s''<sup><small>H</small></sup> | |||
| ''i''<sup><small>SH</small></sup> | |||
| '''y''<sup><small>SH</small></sup> | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |1pl | |||
| ''ni'' | |||
| ''-n''<sup><small>H</small></sup> | |||
| ''an''<sup><small>H</small></sup> | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |2pl | |||
| ''hwi'' | |||
| ''-ch'' | |||
| ''ach'' | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! style="" |3pl | |||
| ''oo'' | |||
| ''-s''<sup><small>H</small></sup> | |||
| ''ow''<sup><small>NH</small></sup> | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
The '''subject''' pronouns are used: | |||
* before a personal verb to express the subject (e.g. ''mi carav'' 'I love') | |||
* as auxiliary pronouns, added to the end of a verb by a hyphen for clarity (e.g. ''eth welus-ev'' 'he saw you') | |||
* as auxiliary pronouns, in conjunction with possessive adjectives (e.g. ''i nen-hi'' 'her grandmother') | |||
* independently following prepositions and conjunctions (e.g. ''mi a thi'' 'me and you') | |||
* as the object of an imperative verb (e.g. ''ladh oo'' 'kill them') | |||
The '''object''' pronouns must be attached to a preverbal particle or, in extremely colloquial usage, to a subject pronoun preceding the verb (e.g. ''eth garav'' or ''mith garav'' 'I love you'). 3sg masculine ''-w'' is used following the perfective particle ''ru'' (e.g. ''ruw gwelest'' 'you have seen him'). | |||
The '''possessive''' pronouns are used: | |||
* as possessive adjectives, before the noun they qualify (e.g. ''i thi'' 'her house', ''ow nwely'' 'their bed') | |||
* as the object of a verb noun (e.g. ''de welet'' 'seeing you', ''i gano'' 'singing it') | |||
* with ''-houn'' to produce reflexive pronouns (e.g. ''mu-houn'' 'myself', ''an-houn'' 'ourselves') | |||
NB: ''mu'' is used before a consonant and ''mun'' before a vowel. The form ''je'' is a colloquial spelling of ''de'', representing a more general pronunciation. | |||
The '''infixed''' pronouns are contracted forms of the possessive pronouns used following prepositions and conjunctions ending a vowel (e.g. ''a'm tat'' 'and my father', ''o'y wlat'' 'from his country'). | |||
Possessive pronouns proper only exist in the first and second person singular: ''mow'' 'mine' and ''tow'' 'your'. The so-called 'genitive particle' ''now'' is used with the subject pronouns to produce possessive pronouns in the other persons (e.g. ''now-hi'' 'hers', ''now-ni'' 'ours'). | |||
The '''demonstrative''' pronouns display a three-way distinction, with ''hunn'' referring to objects close at hand, ''hunnedh'' referring to objects out of sight or abstract and ''hunnunt'' referring to objects in sight but distant. Each of these has masculine, feminine and plural forms. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 150px; " | | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Masc. | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Fem. | |||
! style="width: 120px; " |Plural | |||
|- | |||
! | this | |||
| ''hunn'' | |||
| ''honn'' | |||
| ''hinn'' | |||
|- | |||
! | that | |||
| ''hunnedh'' | |||
| ''honnedh'' | |||
| ''hinnedh'' | |||
|- | |||
! | that yonder | |||
| ''hunnunt'' | |||
| ''honnunt'' | |||
| ''hinnunt'' | |||
|} | |||
The ''hunn'' and ''hunnedh'' forms may be used as demonstrative adjectives following a definite noun (e.g. ''er gur hunn'' 'this man', ''er cestill hinnedh'' 'that castle'). ''Hunnunt'' is replaced by ''hunt'' 'yonder' in this use (e.g. ''er wragedh hunt'' 'those women'). | |||
The '''interrogative''' pronouns are ''peth, pebeth'' 'what', ''puw''<sup>L</sup> 'who', ''p'oun, p're'' 'which one(s)'. Interrogative adjectives are ''pe''<sup>L</sup> 'what', ''pet''<sup>L</sup> 'how many'. Interrogative adverbs are ''p'le'' 'where', ''p'oar, pe brit'' 'when', ''pe dhel', pe vodh'' 'how', ''p'rak, per'' 'why', ''pe vent'' 'how much'. | |||
The '''relative''' pronoun is ''a''<sup>L</sup>, which may be replaced by ''ne''<sup>L</sup> in the negative or by the perfective particle ''ru''<sup>L</sup>. | |||
===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||