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Lemizh: Difference between revisions
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Copyedit, consecutive, mood etc.
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (Pronouns) |
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (Copyedit, consecutive, mood etc.) |
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|fam2 = Lemizh | |fam2 = Lemizh | ||
|ancestor = Proto-Lemizh | |ancestor = Proto-Lemizh | ||
|posteriori = Proto-Indo-European | |posteriori = [[w:Proto-Indo-European|Proto-Indo-European]] | ||
|creator = [[User:Anypodetos|Anypodetos]] | |creator = [[User:Anypodetos|Anypodetos]] | ||
|scripts = Lemizh alphabet | |scripts = Lemizh alphabet | ||
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A large number of nouns are not derived from verbs in most languages: ''froth, ship, lion'' and many others. In Lemizh, however, we have verbs such as ''psràxk.'' "to froth", ''àksh.'' "to build a ship or ships", and ''làw.'' "to make a lion or lions". We will call these ''nominal verbs''. | A large number of nouns are not derived from verbs in most languages: ''froth, ship, lion'' and many others. In Lemizh, however, we have verbs such as ''psràxk.'' "to froth", ''àksh.'' "to build a ship or ships", and ''làw.'' "to make a lion or lions". We will call these ''nominal verbs''. | ||
Looking at the verb ''àksh.'', the shipwright ({{sc|nom}}) gives the building materials ({{sc|dat}}) the properties or the function of a ship ({{sc|acc}}). He confers, well, shipness on the materials. The shipness is sent by the shipwright, not because he is acting, but because he is the source: the image of the ship, so to say, comes from his head and materialises in wood, iron, ropes, and linen. | Looking at the verb ''àksh.'', the shipwright ({{sc|nom}}) gives the building materials ({{sc|dat}}) the properties or the function of a ship ({{sc|acc}}). He confers, well, shipness on the materials. The shipness is sent by the shipwright, not because he is acting, but because he is the source: the image of the ship, so to say, comes from his head and materialises in wood, iron, ropes, and linen. In short, these words mostly appear with inner accusative. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inner factive !! Inner nominative !! Inner accusative !! Inner dative | ! Inner factive !! Inner nominative !! Inner accusative !! Inner dative | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''psràxk.'' "to froth" || ''psrèxk.'' "one frothing something" || ''psrỳxk.'' "a thing having the properties of froth = froth" || ''psrìxk.'' "a frothed thing, a frothed liquid" | | ''psràxk.'' "to froth" || ''psrèxk.'' "one frothing something" || ''psrỳxk.'' "a thing having the properties of froth = '''froth'''" || ''psrìxk.'' "a frothed thing, a frothed liquid" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''àksh.'' "to build a ship" || ''èksh.'' "one building a ship, a shipwright" || ''ỳksh.'' "a thing having the properties of a ship = a ship" || ''ìksh.'' "building materials for a ship, materials made into a ship" | | ''àksh.'' "to build a ship" || ''èksh.'' "one building a ship, a shipwright" || ''ỳksh.'' "a thing having the properties of a ship = '''a ship'''" || ''ìksh.'' "building materials for a ship, materials made into a ship" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''làw.'' "to make a lion" || [''lèw.'' "one making a lion"] || ''lỳw.'' "a thing having the properties of a lion = a lion" || [''lìw.'' "building materials for a lion, materials made into a lion"] | | ''làw.'' "to make a lion" || [''lèw.'' "one making a lion"] || ''lỳw.'' "a thing having the properties of a lion = '''a lion'''" || [''lìw.'' "building materials for a lion, materials made into a lion"] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Another very common kind of nouns are tool nouns, formed with an inner instrumental case: | Another very common kind of nouns are tool nouns, formed with an inner instrumental case: | ||
* ''ghstù.'' "a sail" is derived from ''ghstà.'' "to sail", literally | * ''ghstù.'' "a sail" is derived from ''ghstà.'' "to sail", literally "a means of sailing", | ||
* ''pslù.'' "scissors" from ''pslà.'' "to cut with scissors", | * ''pslù.'' "scissors" from ''pslà.'' "to cut with scissors", | ||
* ''skrùzh.'' "a finger" from ''skràzh.'' "to work with one's fingers". | * ''skrùzh.'' "a finger" from ''skràzh.'' "to work with one's fingers". | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Neutral !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Feminine !! Masculine !! | ! !! Neutral !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Feminine singular !! etc. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! giver | ! giver | ||
| ''dè.'' || ''de'''rè'''.'' || ''de'''dwè'''.'' || ''de'''mlè'''.'' || ''de'''bè'''.'' || ''de'''èx'''.'' || | | ''dè.'' || ''de'''rè'''.'' || ''de'''dwè'''.'' || ''de'''mlè'''.'' || ''de'''bè'''.'' || ''de'''èx'''.'' || ''de'''berè'''.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! lion | ! lion | ||
| ''lỳw.'' || ''lyw'''rỳ'''.'' || ''lyw'''dwỳ'''.'' || ''lyw'''mlỳ'''.'' || ''lyw'''bỳ'''.'' || ''lyw'''ỳx'''.'' || | | ''lỳw.'' || ''lyw'''rỳ'''.'' || ''lyw'''dwỳ'''.'' || ''lyw'''mlỳ'''.'' || ''lyw'''bỳ'''.'' || ''lyw'''ỳx'''.'' || ''lyw'''byrỳ'''.'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! compound with | ! compound with | ||
| — || ''rỳ.'' "one" || ''dwỳ.'' "two" || ''mlỳ.'' "several" || ''bỳ.'' "female; woman" || ''ỳx.'' "male; man" || " | | — || ''rỳ.'' "one" || ''dwỳ.'' "two" || ''mlỳ.'' "several" || ''bỳ.'' "female; woman" || ''ỳx.'' "male; man" || "female" and "one" | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Adjectives and numerals=== | ===Adjectives and numerals=== | ||
There is no difference between | There is no difference between adjectival and nominal verbs: they mostly appear with inner accusative. This is the same situation as in, say, Latin, where ''albus'' can mean "a white one" as well as "white". Numerals are basically a sub-category of adjectives. | ||
The inner consecutive case translates abstract nouns. | The inner consecutive case translates certain abstract nouns. (Often, however, these are better translated by rephrasing: "The whiteness of the house was blinding" → "The house was blindingly white".) | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inner factive !! Inner nominative !! Inner accusative !! Inner dative !! Inner consecutive | ! Inner factive !! Inner nominative !! Inner accusative !! Inner dative !! Inner consecutive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''gmrà.'' "to heat, to make something warm" || ''gmrè.'' "one heating something up" || ''gmrỳ.'' "a warm thing; warm" || ''gmrì.'' "a thing heated up; heated, warmed" || ''gmrìl.'' "the consequence of heating = heat" | | ''gmrà.'' "to heat, to make something warm" || ''gmrè.'' "one heating something up" || ''gmrỳ.'' "a warm thing; '''warm'''" || ''gmrì.'' "a thing heated up; heated, warmed" || ''gmrìl.'' "the consequence of heating = heat" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''làbdh.'' "to whiten something, to make something white" || ''lèbdh.'' "one whitening something" || ''lỳbdh.'' "a white thing; white" || ''lìbdh.'' "a thing made white; whitened" || ''lìlbdh.'' "the consequence of whitening = whiteness" | | ''làbdh.'' "to whiten something, to make something white" || ''lèbdh.'' "one whitening something" || ''lỳbdh.'' "a white thing; '''white'''" || ''lìbdh.'' "a thing made white; whitened" || ''lìlbdh.'' "the consequence of whitening = whiteness" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''dwà.'' "to make two things/individuals" || ''dwè.'' "one making two things" || ''dwỳ.'' "two (things)" || ''dwì.'' "something made into two (things)" || ''dwìl.'' "the consequence of making two things = twoness" | | ''dwà.'' "to make two things/individuals" || ''dwè.'' "one making two things" || ''dwỳ.'' "'''two''' (things)" || ''dwì.'' "something made into two (things)" || ''dwìl.'' "the consequence of making two things = twoness" | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Inflection==== | ====Inflection==== | ||
Of course, adjectives can be compounded to express number and/or gender in the same way as nouns. Furthermore, we can form compounds expressing various degrees. (The epenthetic consecutive ''-il-'' in these compounds will also be explained later.) | Of course, adjectives can be compounded to express number and/or gender in the same way as nouns. Furthermore, we can form compounds expressing various degrees. (The epenthetic consecutive ''-il-'' in these compounds will also be explained later; it is actually the main application of the abstract nouns just mentioned.) | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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====Inflection==== | ====Inflection==== | ||
* Person is not expressed with inflection but with pronouns. | * Person is not expressed with inflection but with pronouns. | ||
* | * Number is conveyed by compounding pronouns with numerals. While verbs (i.e. words with an inner factive) can be compounded with numerals, ''ftrask'''mlà'''.'' does not mean "we/they sneeze" but "(there are) several acts of sneezing". | ||
* Voice (active/passive) is absent in Lemizh; word order serves a similar function. | |||
* Tense is expressed by compounds with an epenthetic temporal case (''-arh-'') or with certain inner cases. The latter option is perferred if possible, as it is more concise. | * Tense is expressed by compounds with an epenthetic temporal case (''-arh-'') or with certain inner cases. The latter option is perferred if possible, as it is more concise. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! !! Neutral !! Present !! Past !! Perfect !! Future !! Intentional | ! !! Neutral !! Present !! Past !! Perfect !! Future !! Intentional | ||
|- | |- | ||
! to | ! to sit down | ||
| '' | | ''zdàs.'' || ''zdarhs'''wà'''.'' || ''zdarhs'''prilkà'''.'' || ''zd'''ìl'''s.'' ({{sc|cons}}) || ''zdarhs'''prà'''.'' || ''zd'''ò'''s.'' ({{sc|ten}}) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! compound with | ! compound with | ||
| — || pronoun || ''prilkỳ.'' "back" || — || ''prỳ.'' "front" || — | | — || pronoun || ''prilkỳ.'' "back" || — || ''prỳ.'' "front" || — | ||
|} | |} | ||
Note that the translation of the perfect with inner consecutive coincides with the translation of stative verbs: "having sat down" in the strict perfect sense of "the consequence/effect of this action exists" means the same as "to sit". Likewise, "whiteness" can sometimes be expressed as the abstract concept of "having whitened something". | |||
<!-- | * Mood corresponds to compounds with certain verbs for the most part. There is no equivalent to the subjunctive mood, as subordinate clauses are irreal (i.e. not necessarily real) by default. Here are some common formations: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! !! Indicative !! Imperative !! Commanding imperative !! Interrogative<br>Polite imperative !! Optative | |||
|- | |||
! to feed, to eat | |||
| ''àdh.'' || ''adh'''pràk'''.'' || ''adh'''dàxt'''.'' || ''adh'''pà'''.'' || ''adh'''làxt'''.'' | |||
|- | |||
! compound with | |||
| — || ''pràk.'' "to request" || ''dàxt.'' "to command" || ''pà.'' "to ask" || ''làxt.'' "to want" | |||
|} | |||
<!-- Aspect --> | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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The eleven relative pronouns play a far more prominent role in Lemizh grammar. Their scope is much wider than the one usually associated with the term. As they are closely tied to Lemizh syntax, they will be described further down. | The eleven relative pronouns play a far more prominent role in Lemizh grammar. Their scope is much wider than the one usually associated with the term. As they are closely tied to Lemizh syntax, they will be described further down. | ||
===Derivational morphology: compounds=== | ===Derivational morphology: compounds=== | ||
From a Lemizh point of view, ''dè.'' "giver" and ''dỳ.'' "gift" aren't derivatives of ''dà.'' "to give" but grammatical forms of the same word. The only piece of true derivational morphology is compounding. | |||
… | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
===Level of words=== | ===Level of words=== | ||
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===Constituent order=== | ===Constituent order=== | ||
===Relative pronouns=== | |||
===Noun phrases=== | ===Noun phrases=== | ||
===Verb phrases=== | ===Verb phrases=== | ||
===Dependent clauses=== | ===Dependent clauses=== | ||
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==Example text== | ==Example text== | ||
[[File:Lemizh text sample.png| | [[File:Lemizh text sample.png|600px]] | ||
====stedrỳzh thìrhfi xtrỳghy.==== | ====stedrỳzh thìrhfi xtrỳghy.==== | ||