Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

==Phonology of IFAY Ăn Yidiș==

=== Consonants ===

The consonantal phonology of Standard Ăn Yidiș is fairly conservative (in fact, more conservative than Modern Irish) and has a similar inventory of consonants in most dialects (except for some dialects like Ballmer Ăn Yidiș which merges ''l'' and ''ł'' into dark L). Some differences from Irish and Scottish Gaelic are:

* /t͡ʃ t͡ʃʰ ʃ/ are not labialized unlike in English. They may be alveolopalatal [t͡ɕ t͡ɕʰ ɕ].

* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (not velarized or pharyngealized, so more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt͡sʰ rt͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ɭ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאך אפֿשר לעט ''năch efșăr led'' [nəχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a retracted alveolar flap [ɾ̠] or trill [r̠].

** /s {{sh}}/ are held longer after aspirated stops after unaspirated stops: קשיען ''gșien'' ['k{{sh}}iən] 'sun', כּשיכנאך ''cșichnăch'' ['k{{sh}}:ɪχnəχ] 'to finish'. After a voiced fricative /ʃ/ is realized as [ʒ]: ''bhșeagh'' /vʒeəʁ/ 'beautiful (f. sg. attr.)'.

* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ] but is [ç] after /ɪ/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞] unless preceded by /ɪ/

* /ts tsʰ s/ צ/ץ ת׳ ס

* /t tʰ n/ ט תּ נ/ן

* /j r l w h/ י(י) ר ל ל׳ ה

(Assuming PSem *s was /ts/)

*''d z ģ'' /t t͡s t͡ʃ/ are [ð z ʒ] after a vowel

* Proto-Ăn Yidiș unstressed אָ becomes /u/ in most envs

** מתּנה ''mátunu'' > ''mátinu'' 'gift' (Cayzăn  ''mátănă'')

** כּלה ''calu'' 'bride, daughter IL' and כּאַלא ''cală'' (< MIr ''caile'') 'girl, lass' are still separate words in this lect

* כ&#1471;נאפשר ''Chnefșăr.'' 'No (he can't).'

The tag questions work as follows:

Only the present affirmative form differs from the usual copula. The interrogative particle ''ăn'' changes to ''ăm'' before a labial, and ''chan'' becomes ''cha'' before a vowel.

** אן&#1523; נ&#1523;י ''ăņ ņi''  'the thing'

* before a historical liquid (''r ș l ł''), א ''ă'' (some dialects treat these as "sun letters", hence ''ăl lenăv'' etc.):

** א ל&#1523;אַ ''ă ła'' 'the day'

** א רוח ''ă rüăch'' 'the spirit'

* otherwise אן ''ăn'':

** אן כּוֹן ''ăn cun'' 'the dog'

** אן צשאָנארט ''ăn c&#x326;onărd'' 'the leader'

** אן זשאָל&#1523; ''ăn ģoł'' 'the game'

** אן ''ăn'' otherwise: אן ז&#1471;שעל&#1471;אך ''ăn ģhełăch'' = the moon, אן אות ''ăn us'' = the letter (character)

* Feminine nouns beginning in ''d z t ț'' don't lenite: אן תּוֹרה ''ăn Tură'' 'the Torah'.  

For plural non-accusative nouns and feminine definite accusatives take נא ''nă'' and ''h-'' is added before a noun beginning with a vowel.

===== Default native feminine =====

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! style="width: 90px;" | State/case

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! Indefinite

|-

! Definite

|-

! Definite acc.

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==== Morphology ====

Ăn Yidiș pronouns have three forms  (not counting emphatic forms):

** These pronouns follow a finite form of the auxiliary ''bi'': ''Bhă '''mi''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.'

** In modern Ăn Yidiș, the 3sg gender neutral pronoun is most commonly ''ied'' or ''e''. In older or traditionalist settings, ''e'' is preferred for a grammatically singular non-specific referent (e.g. ''ņech săm bih'' 'everyone').

** '''''Șe''' ăm pșivrav tăģ ăm bală giņi.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.'

** '''''Șeșăn''' ăm pșivrav.'' = 'It's him who's the chief rabbi.'

* Direct object pronouns are also prefixed (they were historically possessive pronouns, like inalienable pronouns), but they fuse with the words ''ă(g)'', ''ņey'' and the infinitive marker ''ă'':

** ''ă(g)'' 'imperfective marker' suppletes: ''năm^L, năd^L, n(ă)^L, nă-h-, năr(n), nur(n), năn/năm/năņ''

Emphatic suffixes for prepositions with pronominal suffixes: -să -să -șăn -șă -ín -șă -săn: e.g. for ''ăģ'' 'of, at' we have ''gumsă, gădsă, ģeșăn, c&#x326;ișă, giņín, givșă, cusăn''. In poetry, ''^LNOUN-șăn'', ''(h-)NOUN-șă'', ''NOUN-săn'' may be used for 'his, her, their' (with or without a preceding ''ă'' sg. or ''ăn/ăm/ăņ'' pl.).

==== Possessive pronouns ====

* מאָר ''mor'' = mother (obligatorily possessed)

* טר׳אָר ''dșor'' = brother

* ''mac'' = son

* ''inin'' = daughter

* בּעל' ''beł'' = mouth

* כּל'וֹאס ''cłuas'' = ear

* כּאס ''căs'' = leg

* תּראָי ''troy'' = foot

: ''As Jews, we worship only one G-d.''

: ''She's the only woman who I'll ever love.''

* מאַרץ Marț

* אַפּריל Apríl or Ápril

* מאַי May

** Poetic: בּיאָל&#1523;תּין&#1523; Byołtiņ

* יוֹן Yun

* יוֹל Yul

** Poetic: יוֹכאר Yuchăr

** Poetic: טאָבאר Dovăr

* נאָוועמבּאר Novémbăr

* טעצשעמבּאר Dec&#x326;émbăr

====Jewish months====

*Sunday: צי־סוֹל ''zi-Sul''

**Sunday morning (around and after sunrise): מאַטין&#1523; סוֹל ''madiņ Sul''

**Sunday night: עיהא לוֹאן ''eyhă Luan'' (!)

*Monday: צי־לוֹאן ''zi-Luan''

===Colors===

*ק׳אָל' ''ģoł'' = white

*זעראק ''zerăg'' = red

*בּוֹי ''buy'' = yellow

: If I am not for me, who is for me? But if I am only for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?

: ''To nă h-ilă chayăs căv-íenăn, ăch to ciz nă chayăs năs-căv-íenănă.'' (''ăs "Ăn Tuah tăģ nă Chayăs"'')

: All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. (from ''Animal Farm'')

{{rtl|{{Heb|כֿנעל מי נִכְֿנָע לעֶש אְן קל&#1523;אַסאג אְזש כּרעין אְ תחוּשה קֿראָ סזעֶך טאְ נא קְבָֿרוֹת.}}}}

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