Lemizh: Difference between revisions

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Lemizh (view source)

Revision as of 17:17, 14 May 2022

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====Inflection====
====Inflection====
* Person is not expressed with inflection but with pronouns.
* Person is not expressed with inflection but with [[#Relative pronouns|pronouns]].
* Number is conveyed by compounding pronouns with numerals. While verbs (i.e. words with an inner factive) can be compounded with numerals, ''ftrask'''mlà'''.'' does not mean "we/they sneeze" but "(there are) several acts of sneezing" (i.e. someone sneezes several times and/or several people sneeze).
* Number is conveyed by compounding pronouns with numerals. While verbs (i.e. words with an inner factive) can be compounded with numerals, ''ftrask'''mlà'''.'' does not mean "we/they sneeze" but "(there are) several acts of sneezing" (i.e. someone sneezes several times and/or several people sneeze).
* Voice (active/passive) is absent in Lemizh; word order serves a similar function.
* Voice (active/passive) is absent in Lemizh; word order serves a similar function.
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{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive
|dá föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi.
|dá föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi.
|give-FACT-1 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2A bottle-ACC-ACC-2 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2
|give-FACT-1 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2A bottle-ACC-ACC-2 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2.
|''Father Christmas gives Lucy a bottle.''}}
|''Father Christmas gives Lucy a bottle.''}}


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{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive
|dá lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe.
|dá lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe.
|give-FACT-1 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2A bottle-ACC-ACC-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2
|give-FACT-1 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2A bottle-ACC-ACC-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2.
|''Lucy takes a bottle from Father Christmas.''}}
|''Lucy takes a bottle from Father Christmas.''}}


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{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive
|dà lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe.
|dà lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe.
|give-FACT-1 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2 bottle-ACC-ACC-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2
|give-FACT-1 Lucy-ACC-DAT-2 bottle-ACC-ACC-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-2.
|''Lucy gets a bottle from Father Christmas. Lucy is given a bottle by Father Christmas.''}}
|''Lucy gets a bottle from Father Christmas. Lucy is given a bottle by Father Christmas.''}}


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{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level; 3A:third level, agentive
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level; 3A:third level, agentive
|dmàt tryxkì dée föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi.
|dmàt tryxkì dée föpysryfè dwywỳ lusỳi.
|see-FACT-1 beaver-ACC-DAT-2 give-NOM-NOM-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-3A bottle-ACC-ACC-3 Lucy-ACC-DAT-3
|see-FACT-1 beaver-ACC-DAT-2 give-NOM-NOM-2 {Father Christmas}-ACC-NOM-3A bottle-ACC-ACC-3 Lucy-ACC-DAT-3.
|''The beaver sees '''the one giving Lucy a bottle, Father Christmas'''.''}}
|''The beaver sees '''the one giving Lucy a bottle, Father Christmas'''.''}}
Regarding the verb "see", note that the beaver is in the dative, being at the receiving end of the optical stimulus or information. Marking the beaver as agent would translate as "The beaver looks at the one …".
Regarding the verb "see", note that the beaver is in the dative, being at the receiving end of the optical stimulus or information. Marking the beaver as agent would translate as "The beaver looks at the one …".
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| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level
|iakopỳk saxèfy.
|iakopỳk saxèfy.
|Jacopo-'''ACC'''-1 trumpet-NOM-'''ACC'''-2
|Jacopo-'''ACC'''-1 trumpet-NOM-'''ACC'''-2.
|''Jacopo, a trumpeter''}}
|''Jacopo, a trumpeter''}}


| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=INS:instrumental case; 1:first level; 2:second level
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=INS:instrumental case; 1:first level; 2:second level
|ghstù lỳbdhu.
|ghstù lỳbdhu.
|sail-'''INS'''-1 white-ACC-'''INS'''-2
|sail-'''INS'''-1 white-ACC-'''INS'''-2.
|''a sail, a white thing = a white sail''}}
|''a sail, a white thing = a white sail''}}


| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level
|ỳksh gwỳy.
|ỳksh gwỳy.
|ship-'''ACC'''-1 some-ACC-'''ACC'''-2
|ship-'''ACC'''-1 some-ACC-'''ACC'''-2.
|''a ship, something = some ship''}}
|''a ship, something = some ship''}}


| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level
|mỳs trỳy.
|mỳs trỳy.
|mouse-'''ACC'''-1 three-ACC-'''ACC'''-2
|mouse-'''ACC'''-1 three-ACC-'''ACC'''-2.
|''mice, three individuals = three mice''}}
|''mice, three individuals = three mice''}}


| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level
|nỳzd gangèy.
|nỳzd gangèy.
|bird-'''ACC'''-1 sing-NOM-'''ACC'''-2
|bird-'''ACC'''-1 sing-NOM-'''ACC'''-2.
|''a bird, a singer = a singing bird''}}
|''a bird, a singer = a singing bird''}}
|}
|}
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{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level; 4:fourth level
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level; 4:fourth level
|ngỳzd gangèy zhngỳi speghý ytfỳarh.
|ngỳzd gangèy zhngỳi speghý ytfỳarh.
|bird-ACC-1 sing-NOM-ACC-2 child-ACC-DAT-3 sad-NOM-ACC-4 night-ACC-TEMP-3
|bird-ACC-1 sing-NOM-ACC-2 child-ACC-DAT-3 sad-NOM-ACC-4 night-ACC-TEMP-3.
|''a bird singing to a sad child at night''}}
|''a bird singing to a sad child at night''}}


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| {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level
|dwỳw lusỳü.
|dwỳw lusỳü.
|bottle-ACC-1 Lucy-ACC-'''BEN'''-2
|bottle-ACC-1 Lucy-ACC-'''BEN'''-2.
|Lucy is the beneficiary of making the bottle.<br>The bottle is made for Lucy.<br>
|Lucy is the beneficiary of making the bottle.<br>The bottle is made for Lucy.<br>
''Lucy's bottle''}}
''Lucy's bottle''}}
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| {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive
|dý ỳxe.
|dý ỳxe.
|give-ACC-1 male-ACC-'''NOM'''-2A
|give-ACC-1 male-ACC-'''NOM'''-2A.
|The man is the sender of giving.<br>
|The man is the sender of giving.<br>
''the man's gift''}}
''the man's gift''}}
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| {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level
|rhỳst ytfỳarh filpskỳy.
|rhỳst ytfỳarh filpskỳy.
|dream-ACC-1 night-ACC-'''TEMP'''-2 midsummer-ACC-ACC-3
|dream-ACC-1 night-ACC-'''TEMP'''-2 midsummer-ACC-ACC-3.
| The midsummer night is the time of dreaming.<br>
| The midsummer night is the time of dreaming.<br>
''A Midsummer Night's Dream''}}
''A Midsummer Night's Dream''}}
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{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level
|gangà txỳska.
|gangà txỳska.
|sing-'''FACT'''-1 loud-ACC-'''FACT'''-2
|sing-'''FACT'''-1 loud-ACC-'''FACT'''-2.
|''(an act of) singing, a loud thing &#61; to sing loudly''}}
|''(an act of) singing, a loud thing &#61; to sing loudly''}}
===Predicative===
…
<!--The nominal verb ''mà.'' "to make [something, an entity]"
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=1:first level; 2:second level
|
|
|''''}}-->


===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
…
…
<!-- etc. etc. -->


===Relative pronouns===
===Relative pronouns===
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| n−5 || ghà. || … || xà. || …
| n−5 || ghà. || … || xà. || …
|}
|}
They are highly versatile, corresponding to various structures in other languages:
They are highly versatile, corresponding to various structures in other languages. Recall that a sentence's parole has level zero:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Reflexive !! First person (singular) !! Second person
! Reflexive !! First person (singular) !! Second person
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| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive
|wáx wìe.
|wáx wìe.
|speak-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−1</sub>-'''DAT'''-'''NOM'''-2A
|speak-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−1</sub>-'''DAT'''-'''NOM'''-2A.
|The recipient of speaking is its sender.<br>
|The recipient of speaking is its sender.<br>
''to talk to oneself. He is talking to himself.''}}
''to talk to oneself. He is talking to himself.''}}
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| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive
|dráw dhèe.
|dráw dhèe.
|dance-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-'''NOM'''-NOM-2A
|dance-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-'''NOM'''-NOM-2A.
|The sender of the parole is the sender of dancing.<br>
|The sender of the parole is the sender of dancing.<br>
''I am dancing.''}}
''I am dancing.''}}
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| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2A:second level, agentive
|dráw dhìe.
|dráw dhìe.
|dance-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-'''DAT'''-NOM-2A
|dance-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-'''DAT'''-NOM-2A.
|The recipient of the parole is the sender of dancing.<br>
|The recipient of the parole is the sender of dancing.<br>
''You are dancing.''}}
''You are dancing.''}}
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| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=CONS:consecutive case; PI:pronoun type I; 1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level
|zdìls ngỳzdy zeú tỳar.
|zdìls ngỳzdy zeú tỳar.
|seat-CONS-1 bird-ACC-ACC-2 PI<sub>n−3</sub>-'''NOM'''-BEN-3 this-ACC-LOC-2
|seat-CONS-1 bird-ACC-ACC-2 PI<sub>n−3</sub>-'''NOM'''-BEN-3 this-ACC-LOC-2.
|The sender of the parole is the beneficiary of making a bird.
|The sender of the parole is the beneficiary of making a bird.
<br>''My bird is sitting there.''}}
<br>''My bird is sitting there.''}}
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| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=PI:pronoun type I; FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive; 3:third level
| {{Interlinear|display-messages=no|ablist=PI:pronoun type I; FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive; 3:third level
|wáx dheè zdhèzhi zìe.
|wáx dheè zdhèzhi zìe.
|speak-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-NOM-NOM-2A friend-NOM-DAT-2 PI<sub>n−3</sub>-'''DAT'''-NOM-3
|speak-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-NOM-NOM-2A friend-NOM-DAT-2 PI<sub>n−3</sub>-'''DAT'''-NOM-3.
|The recipient of the parole is the friend. (nominative bracket)<br>
|The recipient of the parole is the friend. (nominative bracket)<br>
''Friend, I am talking to you.''}}
''Friend, I am talking to you.''}}
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{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; PII:pronoun type II; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; PI:pronoun type I; PII:pronoun type II; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive
|ádh dheì mlỳdhy. ràsh fỳy.
|ádh dheì mlỳdhy. ràsh fỳy.
|eat-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-NOM-DAT-2A sweet-ACC-ACC-2. like-FACT-1 PII<sub>n−1</sub>-'''ACC'''-ACC-2
|eat-FACT-1 PI<sub>n−2</sub>-NOM-DAT-2A sweet-ACC-ACC-2. like-FACT-1 PII<sub>n−1</sub>-'''ACC'''-ACC-2.
|''I am eating a sweet. [I] like it.''}}
|''I am eating a sweet. [I] like it.''}}


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