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Lemizh: Difference between revisions
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Adverbially used adjectives etc.
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (Minor things) |
Anypodetos (talk | contribs) (Adverbially used adjectives etc.) |
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! Inner factive !! Inner nominative !! Inner accusative !! Inner dative | ! Inner factive !! Inner nominative !! Inner accusative !! Inner dative | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''wàx.'' "to speak, to tell; (an | | ''wàx.'' "to speak, to tell; (an action of) speaking" || ''wèx.'' "one telling something" || ''wỳx.'' "a tale" || ''wìx.'' "one who is told something" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''dà.'' "to give; (an | | ''dà.'' "to give; (an action of) giving" || ''dè.'' "one giving something" || ''dỳ.'' "a gift" || ''dì.'' "one who is given something; one who gets something" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''làzhw.'' "to help" || ''lèzhw.'' "one helping" || ''lỳzhw.'' "help (given)" || ''lìzhw.'' "one whom is helped" | | ''làzhw.'' "to help" || ''lèzhw.'' "one helping" || ''lỳzhw.'' "help (given)" || ''lìzhw.'' "one whom is helped" | ||
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====Inflection==== | ====Inflection==== | ||
As mentioned above, all words can inflect for (outer) case. Thus, we have the nominative forms ''wàx'''e''''' "(an | As mentioned above, all words can inflect for (outer) case. Thus, we have the nominative forms ''wàx'''e''''' "(an action of) speaking, (an action of) telling", ''dè'''e''''' "a giver", ''lỳw'''e''''' "a lion", the causative ''lỳw'''el''''' "because of a lion", the elative ''lỳw'''er''''' "(starting) from a lion", etc. | ||
Lemizh words do not inflect for number or gender. If desired, we can express this information by forming compounds. (Note the duplication of the inner case vowel; the first occurrence in each word is called the epenthetic case of the compound. The underlying grammar will be described later.) | Lemizh words do not inflect for number or gender. If desired, we can express this information by forming compounds. (Note the duplication of the inner case vowel; the first occurrence in each word is called the epenthetic case of the compound. The underlying grammar will be described later.) | ||
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|''Father Christmas gives Lucy a bottle.''}} | |''Father Christmas gives Lucy a bottle.''}} | ||
The stems of the three objects are nominal verbs ("to make a bottle" etc.), hence the inner accusatives. The outer cases indicate the sender, content and recipient of the | The stems of the three objects are nominal verbs ("to make a bottle" etc.), hence the inner accusatives. The outer cases indicate the sender, content and recipient of the action of giving, respectively. The agent is specified independently of the plot arrow; note the difference: | ||
{{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive | {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 2A:second level, agentive | ||
|dá lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe. | |dá lusyì dwywỳ föpysrỳfe. | ||
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|bird-ACC-1 sing-NOM-ACC-2 child-ACC-DAT-3 sad-NOM-ACC-4 night-ACC-TEMP-3. | |bird-ACC-1 sing-NOM-ACC-2 child-ACC-DAT-3 sad-NOM-ACC-4 night-ACC-TEMP-3. | ||
|''a bird singing to a sad child at night''}} | |''a bird singing to a sad child at night''}} | ||
Adverbially used adjectives are phrased with factive brackets. However, changing the predicate's inner case leaves the object's outer factive intact, losing the bracket. | |||
{| | |||
|- | |||
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level | |||
|gangà txỳska. | |||
|sing-'''FACT'''-1 loud-ACC-'''FACT'''-2. | |||
|''(an action of) singing, a loud thing = loud singing = singing loudly, to sing loudly''}} | |||
| {{Interlinear|indent=3|display-messages=no|ablist=FACT:factive case; 1:first level; 2:second level; 3:third level | |||
|nỳzd gangèy txỳska. | |||
|bird-ACC-1 sing-NOM-ACC-2 loud-ACC-'''FACT'''-3. | |||
|''a bird, a loud singer = a bird singing loudly'' (The '''action''' of singing is a loud thing.)}} | |||
|} | |||
As [[w:Genitive construction|genitive constructions]] have a wide variety of meanings, there is no single Lemizh equivalent. The typical translation for constructions indicating possession is with the benefactive case, but other cases frequently occur. Everything depends on the object's relation to the predicate's stem per Rule Three. | As [[w:Genitive construction|genitive constructions]] have a wide variety of meanings, there is no single Lemizh equivalent. The typical translation for constructions indicating possession is with the benefactive case, but other cases frequently occur. Everything depends on the object's relation to the predicate's stem per Rule Three. | ||
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''A Midsummer Night's Dream''}} | ''A Midsummer Night's Dream''}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Predicative=== | ===Predicative=== | ||