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→Verbal focus particles
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**"Independent object" refers to a direct or indirect object that is not a clitic pronoun, while "emphasized subject" refers to a subject that has extra emphasis placed upon it in such a way that English would use a copular phrase. | **"Independent object" refers to a direct or indirect object that is not a clitic pronoun, while "emphasized subject" refers to a subject that has extra emphasis placed upon it in such a way that English would use a copular phrase. | ||
**''é'' can contract with the subject pronoun, in which case it takes the frontness/backness of the verb - e.g. ''êmi kôme.'' "I eat." | **''é'' can contract with the subject pronoun, in which case it takes the frontness/backness of the verb - e.g. ''êmi kôme.'' "I eat." | ||
**''é'' is not used in negative sentences - e.g. ''ná mi komê.''' "I do not eat.". | |||
**Note that any explicit subject (i.e. any subject other than a clitic pronoun) is placed before the focus particle - e.g. ''amî é mi komêba.'' "[As for] me, I ate."; ''Úmar é li komêba.'' "Omar ate." | **Note that any explicit subject (i.e. any subject other than a clitic pronoun) is placed before the focus particle - e.g. ''amî é mi komêba.'' "[As for] me, I ate."; ''Úmar é li komêba.'' "Omar ate." | ||
*''éki'': used to form main clauses. | *''éki'': used to form main clauses. | ||
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**Comes after the relevant object/subject - e.g. ''komîda éki mi kôme.'' "I eat food./Food [is what] I eat."; ''Úmar éki komîda kôme.'' "[It is] Omar [who] eats food." | **Comes after the relevant object/subject - e.g. ''komîda éki mi kôme.'' "I eat food./Food [is what] I eat."; ''Úmar éki komîda kôme.'' "[It is] Omar [who] eats food." | ||
**''éki'' can contract with a following subject pronoun (if applicable), in which case the ''-ki-'' is dropped and ''e-'' takes the frontness/backness of the verb - e.g. ''komîda émi kôme.'' "I eat food."<br /> Note that this is identical to the contraction of ''é''. | **''éki'' can contract with a following subject pronoun (if applicable), in which case the ''-ki-'' is dropped and ''e-'' takes the frontness/backness of the verb - e.g. ''komîda émi kôme.'' "I eat food."<br /> Note that this is identical to the contraction of ''é''. | ||
**''éki'' is usually not used in negative sentences - e.g. ''komîda ná mi komê.'' "I do not eat food.".<br />However, it may be used for extra emphasis - e.g. ''Úmar éki komîda ná komê.'' "[It is] Omar [who] does not eat food." | |||
*''kôs'': used to form main clauses. | *''kôs'': used to form main clauses. | ||
**Used when the independent object is placed after the verb. | **Used when the independent object is placed after the verb. | ||
**Comes before subject pronoun - e.g. ''Úmar kôs li kôme komîda.'' "Omar eats food." | **Comes before subject pronoun - e.g. ''Úmar kôs li kôme komîda.'' "Omar eats food." | ||
**''kôs'' is usually not used in negative sentences - e.g. ''Úmar ná li komê komîda.'' "Omar does not eat food." <br /> However, it may be used for extra emphasis - e.g. ''Úmar kôs li ná komê komîda.'' "[That which] Omar does not eat [is] food." | |||
*''kôski'': used to form main clauses. | *''kôski'': used to form main clauses. | ||
**Used when the emphasized subject is placed after the verb. | **Used when the emphasized subject is placed after the verb. | ||
**Comes before verb and any clitic object pronouns - e.g. ''komîda kôski kôme Úmar.'' "[The one who] eats food [is] Omar." | **Comes before verb and any clitic object pronouns - e.g. ''komîda kôski kôme Úmar.'' "[The one who] eats food [is] Omar." | ||
**''kôski'' is usually not used in negative sentences - e.g. ''komîda ná li komê Úmar.'' "Omar does not eat food." <br /> However, it may be used for extra emphasis - e.g. ''komîda kôski ná kôme Úmar.'' "[The one who] does not eat food [is] Omar." | |||
====Interrogative pronouns==== | ====Interrogative pronouns==== | ||