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Lántun: Difference between revisions
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===Syllable structure=== | ===Syllable structure=== | ||
The most typical syllable structure is '''CV''' and '''CVC''' (where '''C''' is any consonant, and '''V''' is any vowel). However, ecause of the vowel syncope, consonant clusters can occur within a syllable, such as in the word ''sve'' [s̺ʋe̞꜊] “to exist”. In dialects [ə] may usually break these clusters – [s̺ə.ʋe̞꜊]. | The most typical syllable structure is '''CV''' and '''CVC''' (where '''C''' is any consonant, and '''V''' is any vowel). However, ecause of the vowel syncope, consonant clusters can occur within a syllable, such as in the word ''sve'' [s̺ʋe̞꜊] “to exist”. In dialects [ə] may usually break these clusters – [s̺ə.ʋe̞꜊]. | ||
The main root syllable is generally recognised as being monosyllabic of the form '''(C)VC'''. Disyllabic roots, although common, are derived from monosyllabic with augment formatives, or simply '''augments'''. They act as suffixes and typically have the form '''-VC'''. This, in turn, may be followed by additional secondary augments that often merge together via the process of [[w:Syncope (phonology)|syncope]]. Thus, it is convenient to analyse Lántun roots through a general formula – '''<sup>01</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>12</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>12</sup>C<sub>2</sub>''', with the form <sup>m</sup>C<sub>n</sub>, in which '''m''' is the "strength" of a consonant (m=0 being [∅], m=1 being a consonant with no tone and m=2 being a consonant with tone. For vowels m=1 indicates that a vowel is short and m=2 indicates a long vowel); and '''n''' is a position of a sound in the root. However, due to various phonological processes that occur in the root, only three simple root patterns are allowed (with the additional fourth pattern arising from augmentation, e.g. adding an augment to a root). The three patterns are: | |||
{| class="wikitable" frame=void style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2 rowspan=2| Simple | |||
! colspan=4| Augmented | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=2| <small>initial</small> | |||
! colspan=2| <small>final</small> | |||
|- | |||
! Type 1 | |||
| '''<sup>0,1</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>1</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>1</sup>C<sub>2</sub>''' | |||
! Type A1<sub>i</sub> | |||
| '''<sup>0,1</sup>V<sub>-1</sub><sup>0,2</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>1</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>1</sup>C<sub>2</sub>''' | |||
! Type A1<sub>f</sub> | |||
| '''<sup>0,1</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>0</sup>C<sub>2</sub><sup>0</sup>V<sub>2</sub><sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>''' | |||
|- | |||
! Type 2 | |||
| '''<sup>0,1</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>1</sup>C<sub>2</sub>''' | |||
! Type A2<sub>i</sub> | |||
| '''<sup>0,1</sup>V<sub>-1</sub><sup>0,2</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>1</sup>C<sub>2</sub>''' | |||
! Type A2<sub>f</sub> | |||
| '''<sup>0,1</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>1</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>1</sup>C<sub>2</sub><sup>1,2</sup>V<sub>2</sub><sup>1,0</sup>C<sub>3</sub>''' | |||
|- | |||
! Type 3 | |||
| '''<sup>0,1</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>1</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>C<sub>2</sub>''' | |||
! Type A3<sub>i</sub> | |||
| '''<sup>1</sup>V<sub>-1</sub><sup>0,2</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>1</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>C<sub>2</sub>''' | |||
! Type A3<sub>f</sub> | |||
| '''<sup>0,1</sup>C<sub>1</sub><sup>2</sup>V<sub>1</sub><sup>0,2</sup>C<sub>2</sub><sup>1,0</sup>V<sub>2</sub><sup>2</sup>C<sub>3</sub>''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
There is no agreed number of prosodic variables in Lántun. Various elements, such as intonation and stress position, may reflect features of the speaker or the utterance: their emotional state; the form of utterance (statement, question, or command); the presence of irony or sarcasm; emphasis, contrast, and focus. For this function a wide range of pitch is used, while at other times a narrow range is needed (such as in formal situations). Látun makes use of changes in key; shifting one's intonation into the higher or lower part of one's pitch range is meaningful in certain contexts. Stress is not phonemic in Látun, long and/or accented vowels usually receive stress. Polysyllabic words often have a secondary stress, which is also not phonemic. | There is no agreed number of prosodic variables in Lántun. Various elements, such as intonation and stress position, may reflect features of the speaker or the utterance: their emotional state; the form of utterance (statement, question, or command); the presence of irony or sarcasm; emphasis, contrast, and focus. For this function a wide range of pitch is used, while at other times a narrow range is needed (such as in formal situations). Látun makes use of changes in key; shifting one's intonation into the higher or lower part of one's pitch range is meaningful in certain contexts. Stress is not phonemic in Látun, long and/or accented vowels usually receive stress. Polysyllabic words often have a secondary stress, which is also not phonemic. | ||