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Meskangela: Difference between revisions
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*'''class V''': stem ends in other consonants – ''cyukan'' “to trust”, ''latatan'' “to observe”, ''chōtan'' “to be pierced”. | *'''class V''': stem ends in other consonants – ''cyukan'' “to trust”, ''latatan'' “to observe”, ''chōtan'' “to be pierced”. | ||
Each class has its own conjugation pattern. | Each class has its own conjugation pattern. | ||
====Stem==== | |||
The verb stem includes the basic root as well as optional affixes and auxiliaries. Certain nouns or verbs can be incorporated into the stem with the main verb following the incorporated part. Negation is also marked inside the stem with an infix ''-ma-'', which appears either after the prefixes (e.g. ''ra'''ma'''tulh'' “do not steal”, or between two consitual roots of the stem (''lëdzam'''ma'''teŋitā'' “it was given back to the owner”), and is the only infix besides the old progressive infix ''-en-'', which was substituted by the ''bi-'' prefix in all but few irregular verbs. The dictionary form has the ending ''-an'' and is considered the infinitive of the verb. | |||
The most common Classical Meskangela prefixes and suffixes are listed in the table below: | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan=3| Prefixes | |||
! colspan=6| Suffixes | |||
|- | |||
! prefix | |||
! <small>C<small>i</small>-</small> | |||
! <small>V-</small> | |||
! suffix | |||
! <small>class I</small> | |||
! <small>class II</small> | |||
! <small>class III</small> | |||
! <small>class IV</small> | |||
! <small>class V</small> | |||
|- | |||
! Future | |||
| ''di-'' | |||
| ''d-'' | |||
! Imperative | |||
| ''-∅'' | |||
| ''-no'' | |||
| ''-h'' | |||
| ''-os'' | |||
| ''-o'' | |||
|- | |||
! Optative (tr.) | |||
| ''bo-'' | |||
| ''p-'' | |||
! Optative (intr.) | |||
| ''-˥s'' | |||
| ''-wod'' | |||
| ''-od'' | |||
| ''-sos'' | |||
| ''-os'' | |||
|- | |||
! Terminative<br>Perfect | |||
| ''N-'' | |||
| ''m-'' | |||
! Adverbial<br>Participle | |||
| colspan=3| ''-sē'' | |||
| colspan=3| ''-ē'' | |||
|- | |||
! Continuous | |||
| ''bi-'' | |||
| ''b-'' | |||
! Stative | |||
| ''-z'' | |||
| ''-cya'' | |||
| ''-ha'' | |||
| ''-ta'' | |||
| ''-ha'' | |||
|- | |||
! Inchoative | |||
| ''ha-/*pa-'' | |||
| ''h-/*bam-'' | |||
! Deictic<br>towards the speaker | |||
| ''-juŋ'' | |||
| ''-oŋ'' | |||
| ''-yuŋ'' | |||
| ''-uŋ/-yuŋ'' | |||
| ''-uŋ'' | |||
|- | |||
! Middle voice | |||
| ''më-'' | |||
| ''m-'' | |||
! Deictic<br>from the speaker | |||
| ''-soŋ'' | |||
| ''-noŋ'' | |||
| ''-loŋ'' | |||
| ''-soŋ'' | |||
| ''-hoŋ'' | |||
|- | |||
! Iterative | |||
| ''mih-'' | |||
| ''m-'' | |||
! Supine | |||
| ''-mi'' | |||
| colspan=4| ''-umi'' | |||
|- | |||
! Detransitive | |||
| colspan=2| ''g-'' | |||
! Adjectival<br>Participle | |||
| ''-d'' | |||
| ''-ëd'' | |||
| colspan=3| ''-ud'' | |||
|- | |||
! Causative | |||
| ''së-/s-'' | |||
| ''s-'' | |||
! Progressive | |||
| ''-*jen'' | |||
| colspan=2| ''-en'' | |||
| colspan=2| ''*V-nCe<small>f</small>'' | |||
|- | |||
! Directive | |||
| ''ra-'' | |||
| ''r-'' | |||
! Non-volitional | |||
| ''-tha'' | |||
| colspan=3| ''-tha'' | |||
| ''-utha'' | |||
|} | |||
The [[w:Verb framing|deictic suffixes]] attract the negative infix, indicating that they might have originated from an incorporated element: '''kha'''ma'''soŋikka'' “he didn’t walk away from me”. | |||
The causative, detransitive and iterative suffixes are used mostly for verb-derivation (the iterative suffix lost its conjugational meaning in the Western and Southern dialects, where it is only used for derivation). These suffixes often create a string of derived forms of simple root verbs, for example: ''koŋan'' “to carry” → ''goŋan'' “to wear (to carry on ones’ body)” → ''skoŋan'' “to dress” → ''mikhoŋan'' “to continue (to carry on)”; ''koran'' “to turn” → ''goran'' “to be late” → ''*skoran'' “to cause turning (verb is possible, but not used)” → ''sikoran'' “make it turn around” → ''sukoran'' “to turn around” → ''mispikoran'' “to overturn”. | |||
====Intransitive verbs==== | ====Intransitive verbs==== | ||
The table below represents personal endings of intransitive and reflexive verbs. | The table below represents personal endings of intransitive and reflexive verbs. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Transitive verbs==== | ====Transitive verbs==== | ||
The personal suffixes of transitive verbs differ from the intransitive verb paradigm, as it incorporates both subject and direct object of a clause (as well as the indirect object in case of ditransitive verbs, in which case it is represented with a prefix). The table below represents the general structure of transitive verbs: | The personal suffixes of transitive verbs differ from the intransitive verb paradigm, as it incorporates both subject and direct object of a clause (as well as the indirect object in case of ditransitive verbs, in which case it is represented with a prefix). The table below represents the general structure of transitive verbs: | ||