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Meskangela: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Classical Meskangela has five verb classes, based on their stem ending: | Classical Meskangela has five verb classes, based on their stem ending: | ||
*'''class I''': stem ends in a vowel (including diphthongs) – ''lwān/lwajan'' “to be easy”, ''bëjan'' “to give”; | *'''class I''': stem ends in a vowel (including diphthongs) – ལྭའཾན།ལྭའཾཡཾན ''lwān/lwajan'' “to be easy”, བཡཾན ''bëjan'' “to give”; | ||
*'''class II''': stem ends in ''-n'' – ''ryunan'' “to flow”, ''khanan'' “to shine”, ''wīnan'' “to be far”; | *'''class II''': stem ends in ''-n'' – ཪྱུནཾན ''ryunan'' “to flow”, ཁཾནཾན ''khanan'' “to shine”, ཝིནཾན།བིནཾན ''wīnan'' “to be far”; | ||
*'''class III''': stem ends in ''-l'' – ''stalan'' “to acquire”, ''zēlan'' “to be surrounded”, ''sëkīlan'' “to bind”; | *'''class III''': stem ends in ''-l'' – སྟཾལཾན ''stalan'' “to acquire”, ཟཻལཾན ''zēlan'' “to be surrounded”, སཀིལཾན ''sëkīlan'' “to bind”; | ||
*'''class IV''': stem ends in ''-s'' or ''-r'' – ''gunasan'' “to rest”, ''khoran'' “to cry”, ''bëskyuran'' “to interpret/to translate”; | *'''class IV''': stem ends in ''-s'' or ''-r'' – གུནཾསཾན ''gunasan'' “to rest”, ཁོརཾན ''khoran'' “to cry”, བསྐྱུརཾན ''bëskyuran'' “to interpret/to translate”; | ||
*'''class V''': stem ends in other consonants – ''cyukan'' “to trust”, ''latatan'' “to observe”, ''chōtan'' “to be pierced”. | *'''class V''': stem ends in other consonants – ཅྱུཀཾན ''cyukan'' “to trust”, ལཾཏཾཏཾན ''latatan'' “to observe”, ཆོཏཾན ''chōtan'' “to be pierced”. | ||
Each class has its own conjugation pattern. | Each class has its own conjugation pattern. | ||
====Stem==== | ====Stem==== | ||
The verb stem includes the basic root as well as optional affixes and auxiliaries. Certain nouns or verbs can be incorporated into the stem with the main verb following the incorporated part. Negation is also marked inside the stem with an infix ''-ma-'', which appears either after the prefixes (e.g. ''ra'''ma'''tulh'' “do not steal”, or between two consitual roots of the stem (''lëdzam'''ma'''teŋitā'' “it was given back to the owner”), and is the only infix besides the old progressive infix ''-en-'', which was substituted by the ''bi-'' prefix in all but few irregular verbs. The dictionary form has the ending ''-an'' and is considered the infinitive of the verb. | The verb stem includes the basic root as well as optional affixes and auxiliaries. Certain nouns or verbs can be incorporated into the stem with the main verb following the incorporated part. Negation is also marked inside the stem with an infix ''-ma-'', which appears either after the prefixes (e.g. ཪཾམཾཏུལྷ ''ra'''ma'''tulh'' “do not steal”, or between two consitual roots of the stem (ལརྲཾམྨཾཏེངིཏཾ ''lëdzam'''ma'''teŋitā'' “it was given back to the owner”), and is the only infix besides the old progressive infix ''-en-'', which was substituted by the ''bi-'' prefix in all but few irregular verbs. The dictionary form has the ending ''-an'' and is considered the infinitive of the verb. | ||
The most common Classical Meskangela prefixes and suffixes are listed in the table below: | The most common Classical Meskangela prefixes and suffixes are listed in the table below: | ||
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| ''-utha'' | | ''-utha'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
The [[w:Verb framing|deictic suffixes]] attract the negative infix, indicating that they might have originated from an incorporated element: ''kha'''ma'''soŋikka'' “he didn’t walk away from me”. | The [[w:Verb framing|deictic suffixes]] attract the negative infix, indicating that they might have originated from an incorporated element: ཁཾམཾསོངིཀྐཾ ''kha'''ma'''soŋikka'' “he didn’t walk away from me”. | ||
The causative, detransitive and iterative suffixes are used mostly for verb-derivation (the iterative suffix lost its conjugational meaning in the Western and Southern dialects, where it is only used for derivation). These suffixes often create a string of derived forms of simple root verbs, for example: ''koŋan'' “to carry” → ''goŋan'' “to wear (to carry on ones’ body)” → ''skoŋan'' “to dress” → ''mikhoŋan'' “to continue (to carry on)” → ''sëmikhoŋan'' “to prolong”; ''koran'' “to turn” → ''goran'' “to be late” → ''*skoran'' “to cause turning (verb is possible, but not used)” → ''sikoran'' “make it turn around” → ''sukoran'' “to turn around” → ''mispikoran'' “to overturn”. | The causative, detransitive and iterative suffixes are used mostly for verb-derivation (the iterative suffix lost its conjugational meaning in the Western and Southern dialects, where it is only used for derivation). These suffixes often create a string of derived forms of simple root verbs, for example: ''koŋan'' “to carry” → ''goŋan'' “to wear (to carry on ones’ body)” → ''skoŋan'' “to dress” → ''mikhoŋan'' “to continue (to carry on)” → ''sëmikhoŋan'' “to prolong”; ''koran'' “to turn” → ''goran'' “to be late” → ''*skoran'' “to cause turning (verb is possible, but not used)” → ''sikoran'' “make it turn around” → ''sukoran'' “to turn around” → ''mispikoran'' “to overturn”. | ||
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Verbs do not fill every slot of the table, a typical transitive verb have two or three slots filled at a time, for example: ''slika kukëna koŋëskyi'' “they two carry fruit in baskets” (''sli-ka'' “fruit-Pl” ''kuk-na'' “basket-Loc” ''koŋ-s-kyi'' “carry-Du-3Ag”); ''kamīkkyi'' “he has given it to me” (''ka-m-bī-t-kyi'' “1sg.IndObj-Perf-give-Pret-3Ag”). | Verbs do not fill every slot of the table, a typical transitive verb have two or three slots filled at a time, for example: སླིཀཾ ཀུཀནཾ ཀོངསྐྱི ''slika kukëna koŋëskyi'' “they two carry fruit in baskets” (''sli-ka'' “fruit-Pl” ''kuk-na'' “basket-Loc” ''koŋ-s-kyi'' “carry-Du-3Ag”); ཀཾམཱིཀྐྱི ''kamīkkyi'' “he has given it to me” (''ka-m-bī-t-kyi'' “1sg.IndObj-Perf-give-Pret-3Ag”). | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Languages]] | ||