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====Lexical aspect==== | ====Lexical aspect==== | ||
While aspect is primarily expressed through verb conjugation (like Romance languages and unlike Balto-Slavic languages), there is a tendency towards certain verbs having inherent aspect. These verbs generally also have causative counterparts. | While aspect is primarily expressed through verb conjugation (like Romance languages and unlike Balto-Slavic languages), there is a tendency towards certain verbs having inherent aspect. These verbs generally also have causative counterparts. | ||
"Imperfective" and "perfective" can alternatively be referred to as "stative" and "inchoative" respectively. | |||
Some examples of imperfective-perfective-causative counterparts are given below. Note that the counterparts are not necessarily fully synonymous besides aspect, and they may have alternative meanings that are not shared. | Some examples of imperfective-perfective-causative counterparts are given below. Note that the counterparts are not necessarily fully synonymous besides aspect, and they may have alternative meanings that are not shared. | ||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | ||
|+ Imperfective/perfective/causative sets | |+ Imperfective/perfective/causative sets | ||
! Imperfective !! Perfective !! Meaning !! | ! colspan="2"|Imperfective !! colspan="2"|Perfective !! colspan="2"| Causative !! rowspan="2"|Remarks | ||
|- | |||
! Principal parts !! Meaning !! Principal parts!! Meaning !! Principal parts !! Meaning | |||
|- | |||
| ''sų, jessere, fuvī, fūtų'' || to be || ''fiō, fīre, fīvī, fītų'' || to become || ''facō, facere, fēcī, fattų'' || to make || | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''stō, stāre, stetī, stātų'' || to be standing || ''surhō, suržere, sūršī, sūrtų'' || to stand up, to stop (intr.), to go into a standing position || ''sistō, sistere, sistuvī, sistūtų'' || to make stand, to stop (tr.), to put into a standing position || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''sedzō, sedēre, sēdī, sessų'' || to be sitting ||''sīdō, sīdere, sēdī, sessų'' || to sit down, to sit up, to go into a sitting position || ''lokō, lokāre, lokāvī, lokātų'' || to set, to put down | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''jačo, jačēre, jakuvī, jakūtų'' || to be lying || ''dēkumbō, dēkumbere, dēkūvī, dēkūtų'' || to lie down || ''deicō, deicere, dēcī, dēttų'' || to lay down || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '' | | ''scō, scīre, scīvī, scītų'' || to know || ''diskō, diščere, diccī, distų'' || to learn || ''dočō, dočēre, dokuvī, dottų'' || to teach || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''dormiō, dormīre, dormīvī, dormītų'' || to be asleep || ''dormīskō, dormīščere, dormīvī, dormītų'' || to fall asleep || — || — || Many verbs have inchoatives formed with the suffix ''-skō, -sčere''. Such inchoative verbs often share their third and fourth principal parts with the verb they are derived from. | |||
|} | |} | ||
Note that in perfect/supine tenses and the imperative, imperfective verbs can become almost synonymous with their perfective counterparts, and in some cases they are homophonous - e.g. ''stetī ≈ sūršī'' "I stood". However, in certain contexts, their meanings are distinct - e.g. ''<b>Sūršī</b> jet <b>stetī</b> duvās ōrās.'' "'''I stood up''' and '''remained standing''' for two hours." | Note that in perfect/supine tenses and the imperative, imperfective verbs can become almost synonymous with their perfective counterparts, and in some cases they are homophonous - e.g. ''stetī ≈ sūršī'' "I stood". However, in certain contexts, their meanings are distinct - e.g. ''<b>Sūršī</b> jet <b>stetī</b> duvās ōrās.'' "'''I stood up''' and '''remained standing''' for two hours." | ||
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If needed, for verbs without lexical aspect, imperfective can be explicitly marked using ''jessere'' + present participle, while perfective can be marked with ''fīre'' + present participle (if not already marked via compound perfect or other means). | If needed, for verbs without lexical aspect, imperfective can be explicitly marked using ''jessere'' + present participle, while perfective can be marked with ''fīre'' + present participle (if not already marked via compound perfect or other means). | ||
''Facere'' + infinitive is used to form causatives. | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||