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Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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===== Bare copula ===== | ===== Bare copula ===== | ||
Ăn Yidiș also uses the so-called ''bare copula'' (אוֹגד רוּשת׳שא ''ughăd rüșc̦ă''), deriving from an omitted ''iš'' without a following pronoun, mainly for fixed expressions like | Ăn Yidiș also uses the so-called ''bare copula'' (אוֹגד רוּשת׳שא ''ughăd rüșc̦ă''), deriving from an omitted ''iš'' without a following pronoun, mainly for fixed expressions like | ||
* ''efșăr | * ''efșăr li X'' 'X can' | ||
** ''b'efșăr | ** ''b'efșăr li X'' 'X could (both past and conditional)' | ||
* ''tel | * ''tel li X'' 'X likes' | ||
** ''bă thel | ** ''bă thel li X'' 'X would like' (also 'X liked') | ||
Bare-copula questions are answered in the following way: | Bare-copula questions are answered in the following way: | ||
Say the question is אן אפשר | Say the question is אן אפשר לי יואל שעין׳ ''Ăn efșăr li Yuil șeyņ?'' 'Can Yuil (Yoel) sing?'. Then the 'yes' and 'no' answers are: | ||
* אפשר ''Efșăr.'' 'Yes (he can).' | * אפשר ''Efșăr.'' 'Yes (he can).' | ||
* כֿנאפשר ''Chnefșăr.'' 'No (he can't).' | * כֿנאפשר ''Chnefșăr.'' 'No (he can't).' | ||
The tag questions work as follows: | The tag questions work as follows: | ||
* כֿנאפשר | * כֿנאפשר לי יואל שעין׳, אן אפשר ''Chnefșăr li Yuil șeyņ, ăn efșăr?'' 'Yuil can't sing, can he?' | ||
* אפשר | * אפשר לי יואל שעין׳, נאך אפשר ''Efșăr li Yuil șeyņ, năch efșăr?'' 'Yuil can sing, can't he?' | ||
Only the present affirmative form differs from the usual copula. The interrogative particle ''ăn'' changes to ''ăm'' before a labial, and ''chan'' becomes ''cha'' before a vowel. | Only the present affirmative form differs from the usual copula. The interrogative particle ''ăn'' changes to ''ăm'' before a labial, and ''chan'' becomes ''cha'' before a vowel. | ||