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→U-stems
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====Liquid/nasal-stems==== | |||
These nouns have stems ending in a liquid (''r'' or ''l'') or a nasal (''n'' or ''m''). | |||
In some cases, the stem-final consonant may vary betwen primary and secondary stems - the most common example is an alternation between ''r'' and ''n'' in neuter nouns. | |||
The following shorthand symbols are used: | |||
*C: represents the stem-final consonant (may be ''r, l, n'', or ''m''). | |||
*S: represents the above consonant's "syllabic" counterpart. These are as follows: | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
! Consonant !! Syllabic counterpart | |||
|- | |||
| r || ər | |||
|- | |||
| l || əl | |||
|- | |||
| n || ə̃ | |||
|- | |||
| m || ũ | |||
|} | |||
*V: represents the vowel preceding the stem-final consonant (may be ''e'' or ''o''). | |||
*L: represents the above vowel's lengthened counterpart (i.e. ''ē'' or ''ō''). | |||
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" | |||
|+ U-stem declension | |||
! rowspan="2"| Case !! colspan="2"|Singular !! Dual !! colspan="2"|Plural | |||
|- | |||
! m./f. !! n. !! m./f./n. !! m./f. !! n. | |||
|- | |||
! Nominative | |||
| -LC; -ō¹ || rowspan="3"| -S || rowspan="3"| -VCe || rowspan="2"| -eCes || rowspan="3"| -LC; -ō¹ | |||
|- | |||
! Vocative | |||
| -VC | |||
|- | |||
! Accusative | |||
| -VCũ; -Lm² || -VCə̃s | |||
|- | |||
! Instrumental | |||
| colspan="2"| -Cē || rowspan="3"| -Svom || colspan="2"| -Svis | |||
|- | |||
! Dative | |||
| colspan="2"| -Cei || colspan="2" rowspan="2"| -Svos | |||
|- | |||
! Ablative | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| -Ces | |||
|- | |||
! Genitive | |||
| rowspan="2"| -Cous || colspan="2"| -Cōm | |||
|- | |||
! Locative | |||
| colspan="2"| -Ci || colspan="2"| -Ssu | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
'''Notes:''' | |||
¹ When V = ''o'' and C = ''n'' (i.e. expected ''-ōn'' becomes ''-ō''). | |||
² When C = ''m'' (i.e. expected ''-Vmũ'' becomes ''-Lm''). | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||