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The [[w:Verb framing|deictic suffixes]] attract the negative infix, indicating that they might have originated from an incorporated element: ཁཾམཾསོངིཀྐཾ ''kha'''ma'''soŋikka'' “he didn’t walk away from me”. | The [[w:Verb framing|deictic suffixes]] attract the negative infix, indicating that they might have originated from an incorporated element: ཁཾམཾསོངིཀྐཾ ''kha'''ma'''soŋikka'' “he didn’t walk away from me”. | ||
The causative, detransitive and iterative | The causative, detransitive and iterative prefixes are used mostly for verb-derivation (the iterative prefix lost its conjugational meaning in the Western and Southern dialects, where it is only used for derivation). These prefixes often create a string of derived forms of simple root verbs, for example: ''koŋan'' “to carry” → ''goŋan'' “to wear (to carry on ones’ body)” → ''skoŋan'' “to dress” → ''mikhoŋan'' “to continue (to carry on)” → ''sëmikhoŋan'' “to prolong”; ''koran'' “to turn” → ''goran'' “to be late” → ''*skoran'' “to cause turning (verb is possible, but not used)” → ''sikoran'' “make it turn around” → ''sukoran'' “to turn around” → ''misphikoran'' “to overturn”. | ||
The derivational prefixes can change valency of the verb, and the marking of arguments. The prefix thus determines the role of all arguments in the sentence alongside verbal agreement: | |||
{| | |||
|+ Agent prominence | |||
|- | |||
| Rëmin-<span style="color:#FF0000">is</span>=sëgi rossē bërëlai-'''<u>kyi</u>''' partës-pā parcis-ë-pagi. | |||
|- | |||
| man-ERG.FOC=that.PROX apple.ABS buy.PT-3.sg.AG market-LOC1.FOC trader-ABL-that.DIST | |||
|- | |||
| "The man bought an apple from a trader at the market." | |||
|} | |||
{| | |||
|+ Patient prominence | |||
|- | |||
| Rossej-a=sëgi rëminë-las a-<span style="color:#FF0000">gë</span>br<span style="color:#FF0000">u</span>lai-'''<u>kka</u>''' partës-pā parcis-ë-pagi. | |||
|- | |||
| apple-ABS.FOC=that.PROX man.ALL 3sg.IND.OBJ-DETR-be.bought.PT-3.sg market-LOC1.FOC trader-ABL-that.DIST | |||
|- | |||
| "The apple was bought by a man from a trader at the market." | |||
|} | |||
{| | |||
|+ Locative prominence | |||
|- | |||
| Partës-a=sëgi rossē a-<span style="color:#FF0000">r</span>gëbrëlai-'''<u>kka</u>''' rëminë-las parcis-ë-pagi. | |||
|- | |||
| market-ABS.FOC=that.PROX apple.ABS buy.PT-3.sg.AG man-ALL trader-ABL-that.DIST | |||
|- | |||
| "The market was where a man bought an apple from the trader." | |||
|} | |||
{| | |||
|+ Oblique argument prominence | |||
|- | |||
| Parcis-<span style="color:#FF0000">is</span>=sëgi rëmin-a=pagi bë<span style="color:#FF0000">smë</span>rëlai-'''<u>kyi</u>''' partës-pā rossej-o. | |||
|- | |||
| trader-ERG.FOC=that.PROX man.ABS.FOC=that.DIST CAUS.buy.PT-3.sg.AG market-LOC1.FOC apple-INST | |||
|- | |||
| "The trader made the man buy an apple at the market." | |||
|} | |||
The first sentence is considered the most semantically neutral, the latter three sentences are not commonly found in colloquial speech. Later dialects generally dropped the valency changing operations as a mean to mark argument prominence, relying instead solely on topic-focus markers. | |||
====Intransitive verbs==== | ====Intransitive verbs==== |
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