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Carpathian language: Difference between revisions
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*The consonants [t͡ʂ], [d͡ʐ] and [f], written "č" "dž" and "f" respectively, are not native to Carpathian and only appear in borrowings – ''čarka'' [t͡ʂɑr̀.kɑ] “dessert cup”, ''čekolada'' [t͡ʂɛ.ko.lɑ̀.dɑ] “chocolate”, ''džungliā'' [d͡ʐùng.ʎɑː] “jungle” (often pronounced [d͡ʐùn.gɑ.ʎɑː] because of the difficult consonant cluster), ''faika'' [fɑɪ̀.kɑ] “smoking pipe, cigarette” (often pronounced [ʍɑɪ̀.kɑ]). Some Western dialects, mostly those spoken in Poland and Eastern Slovakia have [t͡s] and [d͡z], in other dialects they are marginal phonemes: ''cerkwa'' [ˈt͡sɛr̀.kwɑ] “Orthodox church” (usually pronounced [sɛr̀.kwɑ]). | *The consonants [t͡ʂ], [d͡ʐ] and [f], written "č" "dž" and "f" respectively, are not native to Carpathian and only appear in borrowings – ''čarka'' [t͡ʂɑr̀.kɑ] “dessert cup”, ''čekolada'' [t͡ʂɛ.ko.lɑ̀.dɑ] “chocolate”, ''džungliā'' [d͡ʐùng.ʎɑː] “jungle” (often pronounced [d͡ʐùn.gɑ.ʎɑː] because of the difficult consonant cluster), ''faika'' [fɑɪ̀.kɑ] “smoking pipe, cigarette” (often pronounced [ʍɑɪ̀.kɑ]). Some Western dialects, mostly those spoken in Poland and Eastern Slovakia have [t͡s] and [d͡z], in other dialects they are marginal phonemes: ''cerkwa'' [ˈt͡sɛr̀.kwɑ] “Orthodox church” (usually pronounced [sɛr̀.kwɑ]). | ||
*The velar fricative /x/ may be present in dialects, but not in the standard. It is not a native Carpathian phoneme and is usually replaced in writing (and pronunciation) by either "h" (''humēlias'' “hop” from Slavic ''*xъmelь''.) or "k" (''kristijanas'' “Christian”). | *The velar fricative /x/ may be present in dialects, but not in the standard. It is not a native Carpathian phoneme and is usually replaced in writing (and pronunciation) by either "h" (''humēlias'' “hop” from Slavic ''*xъmelь''.) or "k" (''kristijanas'' “Christian”). | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
Standard Western Carpathian has five short and five long monophthongs. Eastern Carpathian has four short monophthongs, lacking [o], and five long monophthongs. Carpathian dialects have [y] and [e] as separate phonemes, sometimes both long and short, but they are not a part of the standard language, for example: Eastern ''sǖtùs'' [ˈsyː.tʊ̀s] “loyal” (the standard spelling would be ''śiltus'' from PIE ''*ḱl̥tós'', but the word is not used in the standard language). | Standard Western Carpathian has five short and five long monophthongs. Eastern Carpathian has four short monophthongs, lacking [o], and five long monophthongs. Carpathian dialects have [y] and [e] as separate phonemes, sometimes both long and short, but they are not a part of the standard language, for example: Eastern ''sǖtùs'' [ˈsyː.tʊ̀s] “loyal” (the standard spelling would be ''śiltus'' from PIE ''*ḱl̥tós'', but the word is not used in the standard language). | ||