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Plevian (view source)

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*Falling: ''ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou''
*Falling: ''ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou''


Note that the glide in falling diphthongs is usually realized as palatalization (in the case of ''-i-'') or labialization (in the case of ''-u-'').
Note that the glide in rising diphthongs is usually realized as palatalization (in the case of ''-i-'') or labialization (in the case of ''-u-'').


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
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Examples:
Examples:
*''a'' "to" + ''America'' > ''ad America''
*''a'' "to" + ''America'' > ''ad America''
*''da'' "away from, out lf" + ''America'' > ''dab America''
*''da'' "away from, out of" + ''America'' > ''dab America''
*''femna'' "woman" + ''alta'' "tall" > ''femnan alta''
*''femna'' "woman" + ''alta'' "tall" > ''femnan alta''
*''ama'' "(s)he loves" + ''arbrex'' "trees" > ''amad arbrex''
*''ama'' "(s)he loves" + ''arbrex'' "trees" > ''amad arbrex''
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Like nouns, adjectives are pluralized in ''-(e)x''.
Like nouns, adjectives are pluralized in ''-(e)x''.
====Comparative and superlative====
The comparative is formed with the suffix ''-iore(n)'' which replaces the adjective's final vowel. The glide ''-i-'' causes the same sound changes to labialized and coronal consonants as those experienced by Class 5 verbs.
The superlative is formed with the suffix ''-esmo(n)/a(n)''. When an adjective's stem ends in ''-r-'' or ''-l-'', it combines with the superlative suffix to form ''-(e)rmo(n)/a(n)'' or ''-(e)lmo(n)/a(n)'' respectively (where ''-(e)-'' is added when the ''-r-'' or ''-l-'' is preceded by a consonant).
Some adjectives ending in velar consonants palatalize them before the comparative and superlative suffixes, while some maintain their pronunciation.
Additionally, some adjectives have stem changes in stressed syllables (similar to those of verbs).
Some common adjectives have irregular comparatives and superlatives.
Due to the above reasons, the citation form of adjectives is usually "base form, comparative, superlative".
===Adverbs===
====Manner adverbs====
There are two main ways of deriving manner adverbs from adjectives:
#Adjectives ending in ''-o(n)/a(n)'': Replace the final vowel with ''-e(d)''
#Adjectives ending in ''-i(n)'', ''e(n)'', or another vowel: Replace the final vowel with ''-ter'' (with penultimate stress).
#*Assimilation applies as it does in the past participle. Expected ''-tt-'' is simplified to ''-t-'' after consonants.
====Comparative and superlative====
Before adding comparative and superlative suffixes, the final vowel (or, in the case of ''-ter'' adverbs, the final ''-er'') of the adverb is removed if present.
The comparative is formed with the suffix ''-iox''. The glide ''-i-'' causes the same sound changes to labialized and coronal consonants as those experienced by Class 5 verbs.
The superlative is formed with the suffix ''-esme(d)''. This suffix undergoes the same sound changes as the corresponding adjective suffix.
Some adverbs ending in velar consonants palatalize them before the comparative and superlative suffixes, while some maintain their pronunciation.
Additionally, some adverbs have stem changes in stressed syllables (similar to those of verbs).
Some common adverbs have irregular comparatives and superlatives.
Due to the above reasons, the citation form of adverbs is usually "base form, comparative, superlative".


===Articles===
===Articles===
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|-
|-
! 19
! 19
| nogence(n) || nogendiacmo(n), -a(n) || nogendecmante(n)
| noghence(n) || noghendiacmo(n), -a(n) || noghendecmante(n)
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
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|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
'''Notes:'''
# Before a glide ''-i-'', labialized consonants lose their labialization. This applies in the 1S for Class 2, 4, and 5 verbs and the 3P for Class 4 & 5 verbs. Additionally, Class 4 & 5 verbs whose stems end in coronal consonants undergo stem changes in the 1S and 3P forms:
:1. Before a glide ''-i-'', labialized consonants lose their labialization. This applies in the 1S for Class 2, 4, and 5 verbs and the 3P for Class 4 & 5 verbs. Additionally, Class 4 & 5 verbs whose stems end in coronal consonants undergo stem changes in the 1S and 3P forms:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
! Expected !! Changed to
! Expected !! Changed to
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|-
|-
|}
|}
#Verbs whose stem end in velar stops (''-c-'' or ''-g-'') maintain their spelling throughout the present indicative regardless of whether that would result in a "hard" or "soft" pronunciation. On the other hand, verbs whose stem ends in ''-ch-'' or ''-gh-'' drop the ''-h-'' when they are not followed by front vowels.
:2. Verbs whose stem end in velar stops (''-c-'' or ''-g-'') maintain their spelling throughout the present indicative regardless of whether that would result in a "hard" or "soft" pronunciation. On the other hand, verbs whose stem ends in ''-ch-'' or ''-gh-'' drop the ''-h-'' when they are not followed by front vowels.


====Present subjunctive====
====Present subjunctive====
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|-
|-
! Agent noun
! Agent noun
| Formed by removing the final vowel (''-o/a'') of the past participle and adding ''-ore(n)'' (m.)/''-(t)rice(n)'' (f.).
| Formed by adding ''-ore(n)'' (m.)/''-(t)rice(n)'' (f.) to the supine stem.
| ''-(t)-'' is added in the feminine when it is not already present at the end of the past participle stem.
| ''-(t)-'' is added in the feminine when it is not already present at the end of the supine stem.
|-
|-
|}
|}
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Due to historical sound changes, there may also be consonant changes. Some examples include:
Due to historical sound changes, there may also be consonant changes. Some examples include:
*Addition of ''g-'' in the stressed stem.
*Addition of ''g-'' in the stressed stem.
**This happens in both types of breaking verbs when the unstressed stem begins in a vowel. In such verbs, ''e'' and ''o'' become ''gia'' and ''gua'' respectively when stressed.  
**This happens in both types of breaking verbs when the unstressed stem begins in a vowel. In such verbs, ''e-'' and ''o-'' become ''gia-'' and ''gua-'' respectively when stressed.  
*Delabialization of labialized consonants such as ''gu-, qu-, du-'', etc. in the stressed stem.
*Delabialization of labialized consonants such as ''gu-, qu-, du-'', etc. in the stressed stem.
**This happens as a rule in ''e'' > ''ia'' verbs.  
**This happens as a rule in ''e'' > ''ia'' verbs (e.g. unstressed ''gue-'' becomes stressed ''ghia-'' instead of ''*guia-'').  
**It also happens in ''o'' > ''ua'' verbs, but this can instead be analyzed as the merging of the two labializations.
**In ''o'' > ''ua'' verbs, the two labializations are merged (e.g. unstressed ''guo-'' becomes stressed ''gua-'' and not *''guua-'').


====Assimiliation====
====Assimiliation====
=====Infinitive=====
=====Infinitive=====
Class 3 and 4 verbs whose stems end in certain consonants assimilate the ''-r-'' of the infinitive into the final consonant. The assimilation has one of the following results depending on the stem structure:
Class 3 and 4 verbs whose stems end in certain consonants assimilate the ''-r-'' of the infinitive into the final consonant. The assimilation has one of the following results depending on the stem structure:
*If the stem ends in a single ''-s, -r,'' or ''-l'' preceded by a vowel: ''-r-'' is merged with the consonant causing it to be doubled.
*If the stem ends in a single ''-s, -r,'' ''-l,'' or ''-n'' preceded by a vowel: ''-r-'' is merged with the consonant causing it to be doubled.
*If the stem ends in ''-r'' or ''-l'' that is double or preceded by a consonant: ''-r-'' is dropped.
*If the stem ends in ''-r,'' ''-l,'' or ''-n'' that is double or preceded by a consonant: ''-r-'' is dropped.
Note that ''-r-'' is neither dropped nor assimilated when it occurs after ''-s'' when it is doubled or occurs after a consonant.
Note that ''-r-'' is neither dropped nor assimilated when it occurs after ''-s'' when it is doubled or occurs after a consonant.


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=====Past participle=====
=====Past participle=====
In regular past participles of Class 3 & 4 verbs:
In regular past participles of Class 3 & 4 verbs:
*A voiced stop is devoiced before ''-t-''. Voiced fricatives are also devoiced, but this does not reflect in the orthography except in the case of ''-v-'', which becomes ''-f-''.
*A voiced stop is devoiced (in both pronunciation and writing) before ''-t-''. Voiced fricatives are also devoiced in this position, but this is not reflected in the orthography except in the case of ''-v-'', which becomes ''-f-''.


=====Finite forms=====
=====Finite forms=====
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=====Class 2=====
=====Class 2=====
*''flere, flio, '''fleghe''', fleto'' "to cry"
*''flere, flio, '''fleghe''', fleto'' "to cry"
*''ridere, ridio, '''rise, riso''''' "to laugh"
*''ridere, ridio, '''ride, riso''''' "to laugh"
*''guedere, guedio, '''guese, gueso''''' "to see"
*''guedere, guedio, '''guede, gueso''''' "to see"
*''goghere, guaghio, '''goghe, goto''''' "to vow, promise"
*''goghere, guaghio, '''goghe, goto''''' "to vow, promise"
*''gere, gio, '''gighe, geto''''' "to go"
*''gere, gio, '''gighe, geto''''' "to go"
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*''groscre, grosco, '''groghe, groto''''' "to be acquainted"
*''groscre, grosco, '''groghe, groto''''' "to be acquainted"
*''pialle, pialo, '''piaple, (pepleste), polso''''' "to beat"
*''pialle, pialo, '''piaple, (pepleste), polso''''' "to beat"
*''fiarre, fiaro, (fereva), '''tiatre, (tetreste), trato''''' "to carry"
*Etc.
*Etc.


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*Causative 2: ''facre, facio, fece, fapto'' "to do" + past participle
*Causative 2: ''facre, facio, fece, fapto'' "to do" + past participle
**Means "cause X to be Y-ed" or "have X Y-ed".
**Means "cause X to be Y-ed" or "have X Y-ed".
====Negation====
Negation of verbs is accomplished with ''ho(d/G)'' or (rarely) ''ne''. Both of these particles precede the verb.
Alternatively, negation may be accomplished by using a negative word.
Double negation is not used in formal language.


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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===Dependent clauses===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''So Tiampre''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''Sax tempestatex''
! English !! Plevian
|-
| spring || guere(n)
|-
| summer || estate(n)
|-
| fall || optombro(n)
|-
| winter || xiame(n)
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Gregorian months - ''Sox mesex gregorianox''
! English !! Plevian
|-
| January || gianguario(n)
|-
| February || fevrario(n)
|-
| March || marzo(n)
|-
| April || aprile(n)
|-
| May || magio(n)
|-
| June || giunio(n)
|-
| July || giulio(n); quemptili(n)
|-
| August || ogosto(n); sestili(n)
|-
| September || septiambre(n)
|-
| October || optombre(n)
|-
| November || noghiambre(n)
|-
| December || deciambre(n)
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''Sox dix de sa xiabma''
! English !! Plevian
|-
| Sunday || soldi(n)
|-
| Monday || lundi(n)
|-
| Tuesday || mardi(n)
|-
| Wednesday || mérchedi(n)
|-
| Thursday || giuadi(n)
|-
| Friday || ghiandi(n)
|-
| Saturday || satordi(n)
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''Sox partix de so di''
! English !! Plevian
|-
| day || di(n)
|-
| dawn || orora(n)
|-
| morning || mattino(n)
|-
| noon || meridi(n)
|-
| afternoon || pomeridi(n)
|-
| evening || guespra(n)
|-
| dusk || crepro(n)
|-
| night || nuapte(n)
|-
| midnight || merinuapte(n)
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''Sax unitatex de so tiampre''
! English !! Plevian
|-
| second || secondo(n)
|-
| minute || minuta(n)
|-
| hour || hora(n)
|-
| day || di(n)
|-
| week || xiabma(n)
|-
| month || mese(n)
|-
| season || tempestate(n)
|-
| year || anno(n)
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''Sox adverbiox temporalex''
! English !! Plevian
|-
| now || non
|-
| then || ton
|-
| recently, a short time ago || nupre(d/G), nupriox, nuperme(d/G); dudo
|-
| earlier || pre(d/G), priox, prime(d/G)
|-
| soon, shortly || muapse(d/G), muapxox, mopsesme(d/G)
|-
| later || siate(d/G), siazos, setesme(d/G)
|-
| always || siampre(d/G)
|-
| often || sepe(d/G), sepiox, sepesme(d/G)
|-
| sometimes || attiamprex
|-
| rarely || rare(d/G), rariox, rarme(d/G)
|-
| never || neconca(n)
|-
| ever || conca(n)
|-
| still, yet || gianno(n)
|-
| already || gian
|-
| today || huaddze(d/G)
|-
| tonight || huannapte(d/G)
|-
| yesterday || xiare(d/G)
|-
| last night || xiare nnuapte(n)
|-
| tomorrow || crax
|-
| tomorrow night || crax nuapte(n)
|-
| before yesterday || prexiare(d/G)
|-
| two nights ago || prexiare nnuapte(n)
|-
| after tomorrow || periandze(d/G)
|-
| this week || xe xxiabma(n)
|-
| last week || sa xiabma noghesma(n)
|-
| next week || sa xiabma guentura(n)
|-
| this year || horno(d/G)
|-
| last year || son anno noghesmo(n)
|-
| next year || son anno guenturo(n)
|}
===Colours - ''Sox colorex''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''Sox colorex''
! English !! Plevian
|-
| white || albo, albiore, albesmo
|-
| grey || rago, raghiore, raghesmo
|-
| black || negro, negriore, negermo
|-
| red || robro, robriore, robermo
|-
| orange || arangiacio, arangiaciore, arangiacesmo
|-
| brown || badzo, badzore, badzesmo
|-
| yellow || xelgo, xelghiore, xelghesmo
|-
| green || galbo, galbiore, galbesmo
|-
| blue || guerdi, guerdzore, guerdesmo
|-
| pink || rosacio, rosaciore, rosacesmo
|-
| purple || ostrino, ostriniore, ostrinesmo
|-
| golden || flago, flaghiore, flaghesmo
|-
|}


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
===Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)===
====Modern Plevian====
Guabrix xiamnex grascon luebrox ed equox en degretaten e ggiorex. Son dotatox de razonen e cconscianza, e ddevent agre enter se seco ffratrex.


Guabrix xiamnex grascon luebrox ed equox en degretaten e ggiorex. Son dotatox de razonen e cconscienza, e ddevent agre enter se seco ffratrex.
'''IPA (broad):''' /ˈɡwabriʃ ˈʃamneʃ ˈɡraskon ˈlwebroʃ ed ekwoʃ en ˌdeɡreˈtaten e ˈdʒːoreʃ ‖ son doˈtatoʃ de raˈtsonen e kːonˈstʃantsa | e ˈdːevent ˈaɡre ˈenter se ˈseko ˈfːratreʃ/


'''IPA (broad):''' /ˈɡwabriʃ ˈʃamneʃ ˈɡraskon ˈlwebroʃ ed ekwoʃ en ˌdeɡreˈtaten e ˈdʒːoreʃ ‖ son doˈtatoʃ de raˈtsonen e kːonˈstʃentsa | e ˈdːevent ˈaɡre ˈenter se ˈseko ˈfːratreʃ/
'''IPA (narrow, with lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.βriʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈɡɾaː.skon ˈlʷeː.βro.ʒ‿eˈð‿eː.xʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɣɾe.ˈθaː.θe.n‿e‿ʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈθaː.θoʒ de ra.ˈsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːan.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɣɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈzeː.xo‿f.ˈfɾaː.θɾeʃ]


'''IPA (narrow, with lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.βriʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈɡɾaː.skon ˈlʷeː.βro.ʃ‿eˈð‿eː.xʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɣɾe.ˈθaː.θe.n‿e‿ʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈθaː.θoʒ de ra.ˈsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːen.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɣɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈzeː.xo‿f.ˈfɾaː.θɾeʃ]
'''IPA (narrow, without lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.briʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈɡɾaː.skon ˈlʷeː.bro.ʒ‿eˈd‿eː.kʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɡɾe.ˈtaː.te.n‿e‿dʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈtaː.toʒ de ra.ˈtsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːan.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɡɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈseː.ko‿f.ˈfɾaː.tɾeʃ]


'''IPA (narrow, without lenition):''' [ˈɡʷaː.briʃ ˈʃam.neʒ ˈɡɾaː.skon ˈlʷeː.bro.ʃ‿eˈd‿eː.kʷo.ʒ‿en ˌde.ɡɾe.ˈtaː.te.n‿e‿dʒ.ˈʒoː.reʃ ‖ ˈson do.ˈtaː.toʒ de ra.ˈtsoː.ne.n‿e‿k.kon.ˈʃːen.tsa | e‿d.ˈdeː.ven.ˈt‿aː.ɡɾe ˈen.ter ˈseː ˈseː.ko‿f.ˈfɾaː.tɾeʃ]
all-PL people they_are_born free-PL and equal-PL in dignity and rights. they_are endowed of reason and conscience, and they_must act among themselves like brothers.


all-PL people they_are_born free-PL and equal-PL in dignitt and rights. they_are endowed of reason and conscience, and they_must act among themselves like brothers.
====Old Plevian====
<!--
 
'''Old Plevian:'''
Obnēs hemones loeberē et aequē in degnetāte et jōribos gnāscuntor. Dōtātē dē rātiōne et conscientiae sunt, et sēcut frātres inter sē agere dēbent.


Obrēs hemones loeberī et aequī en degnitāte et jōribis gnascuntur. Dōtātī dē rātiōne et conscientiae sunt, et sēcut frātres inter sē agere dēbent.-->
'''IPA:''' /ˈɔbneːs ˈxɛmɔnɛs ˈloe̯bɛreː ɛt ˈae̯kʷeː ɪn ˌdɛɡnɛˈtaːte ɛt ˈjoːrɪbɔs ɡnaːˈskʊntɔr ‖ doːtaːteː deː raːtiˈoːne ɛt kɔnskiˈɛntiae̯ sʊnt | ɛt seːkʊt fraːtrɛs ˈɪntɛr seː ˈaɡɛre ˈdeːbɛnt/


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
Shariifka
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