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Carpathian historical development: Difference between revisions
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Carpathian historical development (view source)
Revision as of 15:00, 18 February 2023
, 18 February 2023→Consonant assimilation
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The clusters with nasal as a second element typically survive as geminate "nn" (PIE ''*h₂e'''gʷn'''ents'' > Carpathian ''hà'''nn'''ēn'' “lamb”), unless they comprise a cluster with more than two consonants: PIE ''*ml̥dʰnis'' — Western Carpathian ''mil̃dinis'' “lightning” (Eastern Carpathian ''lùkkawis'' from ''*lukskawis''). Labial consonants, however, become [m] before nasals: PIE *swé'''pn'''os — Standard Carpathian ''swa'''mn'''as'' [ˈswɑ̀m.nɑs] “dream”; ''*dʰu'''bʰ'''nóm'' — ''du'''m'''na'' “bottom”. | The clusters with nasal as a second element typically survive as geminate "nn" (PIE ''*h₂e'''gʷn'''ents'' > Carpathian ''hà'''nn'''ēn'' “lamb”), unless they comprise a cluster with more than two consonants: PIE ''*ml̥dʰnis'' — Western Carpathian ''mil̃dinis'' “lightning” (Eastern Carpathian ''lùkkawis'' from ''*lukskawis''). Labial consonants, however, become [m] before nasals: PIE *swé'''pn'''os — Standard Carpathian ''swa'''mn'''as'' [ˈswɑ̀m.nɑs] “dream”; ''*dʰu'''bʰ'''nóm'' — ''du'''m'''na'' “bottom”. | ||
The clusters ''*sr'', ''*śr'' and ''*źr'' were rare in Carpathian, but had a unique development of prothetic dental stops between the two elements, which resulted in the only allowed clusters consisting of more than two consonants: PIE ''*h₂ewsrom'' — ''hauštra'' “morning, east”. This process likely happened early in the Carpathian development, since the initial clusters were also affected: PIE ''*sroumḗn'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''s'''t''' | The clusters ''*sr'', ''*śr'' and ''*źr'' were rare in Carpathian, but had a unique development of prothetic dental stops between the two elements, which resulted in the only allowed clusters consisting of more than two consonants: PIE ''*h₂ewsrom'' — ''hauštra'' “morning, east”. This process likely happened early in the Carpathian development, since the initial clusters were also affected: PIE ''*sroumḗn'' → Pre-Proto-Carpathian ''s'''t'''raumū'' — Carpathian ''staraũmēn'' “stream”. The development is still productive, affecting later loanwords: ''Iz'''d'''rajelis'' “Israel”. | ||
===Palatalisation=== | ===Palatalisation=== | ||
The combinations with ''*w'' and ''*j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and *j underwent [[w:Iotation|iotation]]: ''*weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of *ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaudiā'' “puddle” (''"diV"'' represents the [ɟ] sound). Thus, while the clusters with ''*j'' as their second element were resolved, the palatal articulation of that element affected the first element of the cluster, causing '''palatalisation''', e.g. moving the articulation of that consonant towards palatal with only labial consonants remaining unchanged (they probably lost their palatalisation later, although this cannot be confirmed, since no Carpathian dialect preserves any evidence of the palatalisation of labials). This new distinction resulted in an opposition of plain and palatal consonants: ''wa'''l'''ītei'' “to prefer” (plain consonant) – ''wa'''li'''ā'' “will” (palatal). The palatal reflexes of the clusters ''*kj'' and ''*gj'' did not merge with the respective reflexes of ''*tj'' and ''*dj'' in Proto-Carpathian, as can be seen from dialects, which have distinct affricate phonemes. In those dialects ''*tj'' and ''*dj'' became ''č'' and ''dž'' (or ''ts'' and ''dz'') respectively, while all other dialects merge both into one palatal series. The rare cluster ''*hj'' usually simply dispalatalised, following the same path, as the labial consonants: ''*stāhjā'' - ''stāhā'' “shelter”. A consonant cluster followed by ''*j'' palatised as a whole: Proto-Carpathian''*nìštjas'' – modern ''nistias'' [nìɕ.cɑs] “poor”. | The combinations with ''*w'' and ''*j'' as a second element survived, although the clusters of dental consonants and *j underwent [[w:Iotation|iotation]]: ''*weĩśśinjāh'' > ''weisiniā'' “cherry” (Eastern [weɪ̀.si.ɲɑ], Western [weɪ̀.ʂi.ɲɑ], later degemination of *ś after a diphthong); labial consonants were not affected, while velar consonants show variation among various dialects: ''liaugā'' ~ ''liaudiā'' “puddle” (''"diV"'' represents the [ɟ] sound). Thus, while the clusters with ''*j'' as their second element were resolved, the palatal articulation of that element affected the first element of the cluster, causing '''palatalisation''', e.g. moving the articulation of that consonant towards palatal with only labial consonants remaining unchanged (they probably lost their palatalisation later, although this cannot be confirmed, since no Carpathian dialect preserves any evidence of the palatalisation of labials). This new distinction resulted in an opposition of plain and palatal consonants: ''wa'''l'''ītei'' “to prefer” (plain consonant) – ''wa'''li'''ā'' “will” (palatal). The palatal reflexes of the clusters ''*kj'' and ''*gj'' did not merge with the respective reflexes of ''*tj'' and ''*dj'' in Proto-Carpathian, as can be seen from dialects, which have distinct affricate phonemes. In those dialects ''*tj'' and ''*dj'' became ''č'' and ''dž'' (or ''ts'' and ''dz'') respectively, while all other dialects merge both into one palatal series. The rare cluster ''*hj'' usually simply dispalatalised, following the same path, as the labial consonants: ''*stāhjā'' - ''stāhā'' “shelter”. A consonant cluster followed by ''*j'' palatised as a whole: Proto-Carpathian''*nìštjas'' – modern ''nistias'' [nìɕ.cɑs] “poor”. | ||